The belief-based emotion of suprise
The case for a lag in understanding relative to false belief
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9788540 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Ted Ruffman (0000-0001-8790-6451, corresponding author), Thomas R Keenan |
| Year | 1996 |
| Volume | 32 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 40-49 |
| Publication date | 1996-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Developmental Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0012-1649 • E-ISSN: 1939-0599 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0012-1649.32.1.40 |
| OpenAlex | W4236512531 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 10 |
| References cited | 7 |
Three experiments were carried out to determine whether there is a lag in predicting surprise relative to false belief. All 3 experiments used backwards reasoning tasks. The findings were that ( a ) there is a lag in predicting surprise relative to false belief, ( b ) by 5 or 6 years of age children claim that one will be surprised when they gain knowledge of that which they were previously ignorant or when they discover that they had previously held a false belief, ( c ) by 7 to 9 years of age they understand that surprise will more likely result from false beliefs rather than mere ignorance, and ( d ) children's difficulty understanding surprise as specifically belief-based does not likely stem from information processing limitations. It is argued that the lag likely results because children must build a new concept of surprise (e.g., from desire- to belief-based)
Belief system · Cognition · Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Epistemology · False belief · Lag · Theory of mind · Child and Animal Learning Development · Emotions and Moral Behavior · Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics · Misinformation and Its Impacts · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Social Psychology
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| Unique citing works | 10 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,36 |
| Citation span | 1998 - 2025 (28) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 10 |