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Coming to Terms

How Researchers in Learning and Literacy Talk About Knowledge

Bibliographic Data

ID23372123
AuthorsPatricia A Alexander (0000-0001-7060-2582, Texas A&M University), Diane L Schallert (0000-0002-2546-3429, University of Texas), Victoria Chou Hare (University of Illinois Chicago)
Year1991
Volume61
Issue3
Pages315-343
Publication date1991-09-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueReview of Educational Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0034-6543 • E-ISSN: 1935-1046
PublisherAmerican Educational Research Association (AERA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.3102/00346543061003315
OpenAlexW2114573628
LanguageEN
Citations received92
References cited75

Terms used to designate knowledge constructs have proliferated in the literature and often seem to duplicate, subsume, or contradict one another. In this article, we present a conceptual framework for organizing and relating terms that pertain to select knowledge constructs. We begin with an examination of the literature. Based on that review, we build a framework that is intended to clarify terms, and the associations among them, and to articulate definitional statements for these knowledge terms. Finally, we consider the importance of this theoretical undertaking for future research in cognition and in learning.

Cognition · Cognitive science · Epistemology · Literacy · Pedagogy · Sociology · Educational Strategies and Epistemologies · Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods · Psychology · Reading and Literacy Development

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    Open Access•Aek Phakiti•Language Testing•2008

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  • Focusing the Conceptual Lens on Metacognition, Self-regulation, and Self-regulated Learning

    Open Access•Daniel L Dinsmore, Patricia A Alexander et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2008

  • The Impact of Self- and Peer-Grading on Student Learning

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    Open Access•Manuel Monfort-Pañego, Antonio Hans Bosch-Biviá et al.•Children•2024

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  • Putting Safety in the Frame

    Open Access•Valerie O’Keeffe, Valerie Jean O’Keeffe et al.•Global Qualitative Nursing Research•2015

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    Open Access•Sandra Thull, William M Bart•Psychological Reports•1997

  • Learning from Planned Vs. Unplanned Content

    Open Access•Xiaodong Yang, Zhengfan Jia•Health Communication•2026

  • Enhancing topic-specific prior knowledge of students impacts their outcomes in mathematics

    Open Access•Nawaf Awadh Khallaf Alreshidi•Frontiers in Education•2023

  • Linking Character Strengths and Key Competencies in Education and the Arts

    Open Access•Pedro Vazquez-Marin, Francisco Cuadrado et al.•Education Sciences•2022

  • Breaking down the walls of weak knowledge-sharing among Iranian teachers

    Open Access•Hassanreza Zeinabadi•Educational Management…•2023

  • Adaptive expertise – a characteristic of expertise in outdoor instructors

    Alice Mees, Dean Sinfield et al.•Physical Education and Sport…•2020

  • Tracking knowledge and confidence trajectories

    Open Access•Jasmin Reichert-Schlax, Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia•International Journal of…•2026

  • The effects of relevant instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning

    Stephen M Kromka, A K Goodboy•Communication Education•2021

  • Predicting transfer from a game-based learning environment

    Open Access•John L Nietfeld•Computers & Education•2020

  • Leveraging What Students Know to Make Sense of Texts

    Open Access•Courtney Hattan, Patricia A Alexander et al.•Review of Educational Research•2024

  • Reasoning and Problem-Solving in Disciplinarily Diverse Teams

    Open Access•Margaret W Logan, Patricia A Alexander•Review of Educational Research•2026

  • The use of video to maximise cooking skills

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  • Personal epistemology across cultures

    Open Access•Ivar Bråten, Laura Gil et al.•Social Psychology of Education•2009

  • Elementary school students’ naïve conceptions and misconceptions about energy in physical education context

    Tan Zhang, Ang Chen et al.•Sport Education and Society•2017

  • Investigating Japanese learners' beliefs about language learning

    Open Access•Keiko Sakui, Stephen J Gaies•System•1999

  • Riding on the back of a giant

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  • Curbing Identity Crises

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  • Integrating assessment, learning and instruction

    Open Access•Filip Dochy, Filip J R C Dochy et al.•Studies In Educational Evaluation•1996

  • Exploring Alternative Ways of Assessing Prior Knowledge, Its Components and Their Relation to Student Achievement

    Open Access•Telle Hailikari, Anne Nevgi et al.•Studies In Educational Evaluation•2007

  • Supporting rural educators’ implementation quality of classroom management practices

    Open Access•Renee Speight, Shanna E Hirsch et al.•Teaching and Teacher Education•2025

  • The place of cognition in explanations of teaching

    Open Access•M J Packer, Philip H Winne•Teaching and Teacher Education•1995

  • Navigating the complex cognitive task of classroom assessment

    Open Access•Helenrose Fives, Nicole Barnes•Teaching and Teacher Education•2020

  • Essential knowledge for academic performance

    Open Access•Gwen Noteborn, Amber Dailey‐Hebert et al.•Teaching and Teacher Education•2013

  • Writing on the walls

    Open Access•Annamary Consalvo, Annamary L Consalvo et al.•Teaching and Teacher Education•2016

  • Journey Boxes

    Linda D Labbo, Sherry L Field•The Social Studies•1999

  • Perspectives on memory, forgiveness and reconciliation in Cambodia's post-Khmer Rouge society

    Open Access•Phuong Pham, Mychelle Balthazard et al.•International Review of the Red…•2019

  • Chapter 1

    Open Access•Gary D Fenstermacher•Review of Research in Education•1994

  • Topical knowledge in L2 speaking assessment

    Open Access•Heng‐Tsung Danny Huang, Heng-Tsung Danny Huang et al.•Language Testing•2018

  • Topical knowledge and ESL writing

    Open Access•Ling He, Ling Shi•Language Testing•2012

  • How convincing is alternative assessment for use in higher education

    Effie Maclellan•Assessment & Evaluation in Higher…•2004

  • Reading to learn

    Effie Maclellan•Studies in Higher Education•1997

  • Working practices and children's application of subject knowledge in the primary school

    Stephen L Bristow, Stephen Bristow et al.•Research Papers in Education•1995

  • What Human Capital, Which Migrants? Returned Skilled Migration to Slovakia from the UK

    Open Access•Allan M Williams, Vladimir Baláž•International Migration Review•2005

  • Comprehension in a Scenario-Based Assessment

    Kathryn S McCarthy, Tricia A Guerrero et al.•Discourse Processes•2018

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  • Profiling Changing States of Conceptual Knowledge

    Peter B Mosenthal, Peter Mosenthal et al.•Peabody Journal of Education•1998

  • The Interplay of Knowledge and Practice in Dance Teaching

    Open Access•Fortin, Sylvie Fortin et al.•Dance Research Journal•1995

  • Teachers' assessment of students' research skills

    Open Access•Karel Stokking, Karel M Stokking et al.•British Educational Research…•2004

  • Learners' idiosyncratic links as affordances for meaning making in the semiotic process

    Open Access•Kathy L Schuh•Semiotica•2007

  • Rethinking the Role of Knowledge in the Literacy Classroom

    Open Access•Courtney Hattan, Sarah M Lupo•Reading Research Quarterly•2020

  • Fair or Foul? Interrogating the Role of Baseball Knowledge in Studies of Knowledge and Comprehension

    Open Access•Dan Reynolds, Courtney Hattan et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•2025

  • Epistemic Processing When Adolescents Read Online

    Open Access•Byeong‐young Cho, Lianne Woodward et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•2018

  • Prompting Rural Students’ Use of Background Knowledge and Experience to Support Comprehension of Unfamiliar Content

    Open Access•Courtney Hattan•Reading Research Quarterly•2019

  • Toward a Science of Strengths‐Based Approaches to Reading for English Learners in K‐12 Schools

    Open Access•Lisa Hsin, Emily Phillips Galloway•Reading Research Quarterly•2026

  • Research News And Comment

    Open Access•Patricia A Alexander•Educational Researcher•2000

  • Teachers' Pedagogical Beliefs and the Standards for Foreign Language Learning

    Open Access•Linda Quinn Allen•Foreign Language Annals•2002

  • Conceptions of Knowledge and Beliefs

    Open Access•Patricia A Alexander, Filip Dochy et al.•American Educational Research…•1995

  • How Subject-Matter Knowledge Affects Recall and Interest

    Patricia A Alexander, Jonna M Kulikowich et al.•American Educational Research…•1994

  • Predicting Learning From Student Experience of Teaching

    Graham Nuthall, Adrienne Alton-Lee et al.•American Educational Research…•1993

  • Self-interest and Liberal Educational Discourse

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  • Language Proficiency in Native and Non-native Speakers

    Jan H Hulstijn•Language proficiency in native…•2015

  • If We Seek, Do We Learn

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  • The social class embeddedness of middle school students' thinking about teachers

    Ellen A Brantlinger, Ellen Brantlinger•Theory Into Practice•1994

  • Using Media to Create Experiential Learning in Multicultural and Diversity Issues

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  • Rhizome and the mind

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  • Long-term effects of literary education on book-reading frequency

    Open Access•Marc Verboord•Poetics•2005

  • Effects of a Multimedia Professional Development Package on Inclusive Science Teachers' Vocabulary Instruction

    Open Access•Michael J Kennedy, Wendy J Rodgers et al.•Journal of Teacher Education•2017

  • The Nature and Sharing of Teacher Knowledge of Technology in a Student Teacher/Mentor Teacher Pair

    Open Access•Jon Margerum-Leys, Ronald W Marx•Journal of Teacher Education•2004

  • Academic Work

    Open Access•Walter Doyle•Review of Educational Research•1983

  • Cognitive Conceptions of Learning

    Open Access•Thomas J Shuell•Review of Educational Research•1986

  • Implicit learning and tacit knowledge.

    Arthur S Reber•Journal of Experimental…•1989

  • The Interaction of Domain-Specific and Strategic Knowledge in Academic Performance

    Open Access•Patricia A Alexander, Judith E Judy•Review of Educational Research•1988

  • The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.

    David P Ausubel•Journal of Educational Psychology•1960

  • The Dynamic Self-Concept

    Hazel Rose Markus, H Markus et al.•Annual Review of Psychology•1987

  • Becoming a strategic reader

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  • Toward a model of text comprehension and production.

    Walter Kintsch, T A Van Dijk•Psychological Review•1978

  • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.

    Carol S Dweck, Ellen L Leggett•Psychological Review•1988

  • Strategies of discourse comprehension

    Teun A Van Dijk•Strategies of discourse…•1983

  • Ways with Words

    Open Access•Shirley Brice Heath•Ways with Words•1983

  • A perspective on thinking

    James G Greeno•American Psychologist•1989

  • A Stranger in Strange Lands

    Lucille McCarthy, Lucille Parkinson McCarthy•Research in the Teaching of English•1987

  • Strategies of Discourse Comprehension

    Douglas Biber, Teun A Van Dijk et al.•Language•1986

  • What Written Knowledge Does

    Open Access•C Bazerman•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•1981

  • Learning Words from Context

    William E Nagy, Patricia A Herman et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1985

  • Use of Top-Level Structure in Text

    Bonnie J F Meyer, David M Brandt et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1980

  • Comprehension Monitoring

    Shirley A Wagoner•Reading Research Quarterly•1983

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    Barbara M Taylor, Richard Beach et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1984

  • Effects of Vocabulary Difficulty, Text Cohesion, and Schema Availability on Reading Comprehension

    Peter Freebody, Richard C Anderson•Reading Research Quarterly•1983

  • Commentary

    Terry Beers•Reading Research Quarterly•1987

  • Delusions about Performance on Multiple-Choice Comprehension Tests

    Michael Pressley, Elizabeth S Ghatala•Reading Research Quarterly•1988

  • Some Effects of the Nature and Frequency of Vocabulary Instruction on the Knowledge and Use of Words

    Margaret G McKeown, Isabel L Beck et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1985

  • Prior Knowledge Activation and the Comprehension of Compatible and Incompatible Text

    Donna E Alvermann, Lynn C Smith et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1985

  • A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Reading Comprehension

    Margaret S Steffensen, Chitra Joag-Dev et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1979

  • Commentary

    Cathy M Roller•Reading Research Quarterly•1990

  • The Operation of Text Structure and Content Schemata in Isolation and in Interaction

    Marilyn M Ohlhausen, Cathy M Roller•Reading Research Quarterly•1988

  • Direct Instruction of Summarization Skills

    Victoria Chou Hare, Kathleen M Borchardt•Reading Research Quarterly•1984

  • Children's Recall of Familiar and Unfamiliar Text

    Mary Beth Marr, Kathleen Gormley et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1982

  • Incidental Acquisition of Word Meaning from Expositions with Varied Text Features

    Patricia A Herman, Richard C Anderson et al.•Reading Research Quarterly•1987

  • The Influence of Religious Affiliation on Children's Memory for Text Information

    Marjorie Youmans Lipson•Reading Research Quarterly•1983

  • Epistemology and Cognition

    Gary Hatfield, Alvin I Goldman•The Philosophical Review•1989

  • An Inquiry Into Meaning and Truth

    Bruce Waters, Bertrand Russell•Philosophy and Phenomenological…•1941

  • The Effects of Cultural Schemata on Reading Processing Strategies

    Robert Pritchard•Reading Research Quarterly•1990

  • Some Reflections on the Acquisition of Knowledge

    Richard C Anderson, Richard C E Anderson•Educational Researcher•1984

  • Teachers' and Students' Cognitional Knowledge for Classroom Teaching and Learning

    Open Access•Penelope L Peterson•Educational Researcher•1988

  • Are Cognitive Skills Context-Bound

    Open Access•David N Perkins, DN PERKINS et al.•Educational Researcher•1989

  • Motivational processes affecting learning

    Carol S Dweck•American Psychologist•1986

  • Education and thinking

    Robert Glaser•American Psychologist•1984

  • Ways with Words

    Michael Paffard, Shirley Brice Heath•British Journal of Educational…•1984

  • Critical Thinking and Subject Specificity

    Robert H Ennis•Educational Researcher•1989

  • Implicit and explicit knowledge in the control of complex systems

    Open Access•Donald E Broadbent, Peter L Fitzgerald et al.•British Journal of Psychology•1986

  • Language in Social Groups

    David Parkin, John J Gumperz•Man•1974

  • Participation Structures in a Reading Lesson with Hawaiian Children

    Open Access•Kathryn Hu‐pei Au•Anthropology & Education Quarterly•1980

Unique citing works92
Citations per year2,79
Citation span1993 - 2026 (34)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 79
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