Clifford K Madsen
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3972537 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Clifford K Madsen |
| NOMBRES | Clifford K |
| APELLIDO | Madsen |
| FIRMA | MADSEN C K |
| AFILIACIONES | Florida State University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 177 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1966 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2015 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Responses of Multi-Aged Music Students to Mid-20th-Century Art Music
This investigation replicates previous research into K–12 students’ responses to mid-20th-century art music. The study extends that research to include undergraduates and graduates as well as an additional group of graduate students who had taken a 20th-century music class. Children’s responses showed remarkable consistency and indicated that younger children gave higher mean liking ratings than did older students. Kindergarten and third-grade yo…
A Study of Music Students’ Tempo Changes of a Soloist’s Performance of Mozart’s 1st Horn Concerto
The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate music students’ tempo changes of a soloist’s performance in an excerpt from Mozart’s Concerto No. 1 in D Major for Horn and Orchestra. We then compared the composite rubato pattern to tendencies found in a previous investigation using Mozart’s Concerto No. 2 in E ♭ Major for Horn and Orchestra. Data were collected directly from listeners’ Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial…
Examination of the International Scope of Papers Presented at the International Society for Music Education Research Commission Seminars, 1988—2006
The authors classified citations included in papers presented at 10 International Society for Music Education (ISME) biennial International Research Commission Seminars across an 18-year period (1988—2006) based on the six world regions as specified by the ISME Research Commission. Citations ( N = 4,535) were examined from 238 papers presented at the 12th through 21st seminars. There were 2,250 citations from 407 journals, the most prevalent sour…
Adolescent Musicians' Perceptions of Conductors Within Musical Context
Attention to subtle changes in music, whether inadvertent or purposeful, occupies a great deal of practice and rehearsal time for the performer. Regardless of the extremely subtle acoustic changes that have been found to be perceptible within almost all studies, it is the total overall effect that most occupies the individual listener. This study investigated perception of digitally edited performances of Johann Strauss's Blue Danube Waltz, all p…
Reflections on Puccini's La Bohème
A continuing line of research indicates that focus of attention is perhaps the most important attribute of actively participating in meaningful music listening and a model accounting for these findings has been developed. Music teachers are especially concerned with meaningful listening when having students discern important elements or attributes of music. Although newer listening devices offer sophisticated methods for continuous measurement, t…
The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo
We investigated the effect of legato and staccato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Ninety music majors served as participants. Listeners heard music examples that had been selected from two pieces, each of which included staccato and legato passages. Excerpts were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increases, gradual decreases, or no change. Modulations were produced in small incremen…
A 30-Year Follow-Up Study of Actual Applied Music Practice versus Estimated Practice
This study was designed to determine if adults are able to remember how much time they actually spent practicing during a past time period of their lives where detailed daily records were kept of actual number of minutes practiced. It also addressed how past practice time relates to their highest level of musical performance across the 30 years on a scale of top-level expert to competent. Responses were divided into six classifications: (1) profe…
Support for Music Education
This study is an investigation of several issues relating to teacher retention and attrition. In the spring of 1995, a questionnaire was sent to 225 certified teachers who had all finished a BME during the past 10 years and graduated from the same university. Results indicated that of the senders of 137 returned responses, 24 (17.5%) had chosen not to teach at that time. Specific questions concerned demographic data including years of teaching, a…
Perception and Cognition in Music
We investigated different levels of age and musical training in relation to subjects' melodic perception in music by testing their ability to perceive a target melody when extremely similar melodies are interpolated between this original melody and its reoccurrence. Participants were sixth graders, eighth graders, young adults, and trained musicians who listened to 16 original melodies, each of which was followed by 8 extremely similar melodies. …
First Remembrances of Wanting to Become a Music Teacher
In the study described here, we used an open-ended written essay to identify the factors that lead students to become music teachers. Ninety music education majors were given the instructions to indicate in their own words their earliest remembrances of when they considered becoming a music teacher, including age, place, who was with them, how they felt, their thoughts at the time, and any other aspects they considered important. Essays were anal…
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Emotion versus Tension in Haydn's Symphony no. 104 as Measured by the Two-Dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface
This study compared musicians' responses while listening to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony no. 104 using a two-dimensional continuous response digital interface (CRDI). The two-dimensional CRDI uses a mouse cursor via a computer screen to indicate the interrelationship of two dimensions simultaneously. In the present investigation, 50 musicians were presented with the dimensions of arousal (i.e., relaxing-exciting) and affect (i.e., ugly-…
Focus of Attention and Aesthetic Response
In the present study, focus of attention to musical elements was investigated in an attempt to ascertain which elements are perceived as most prominent in relation to aesthetic response as demonstrated in previous work. One hundred experienced musicians listened to the last 20 minutes of Act I of Puccini's La Bohème. Fifty musicians indicated via the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) which of five musical elements (Melody, Rhythm, Timb…
An Empirical Method for Measuring the Aesthetic Experience to Music
This study was designed to investigate empirically the “aesthetic experience” as individually defined by each subject. Subjects ( N = 30) were faculty members and advanced graduate students at a large university school of music. Each subject listened to a 20-minute excerpt from Act I of Puccini's La Bohème and simultaneously manipulated the dial of a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived aesthetic level. The CRDI dial…
An Observation Procedure to Differentiate Teaching Experience and Expertise in Music Education
One hundred fifty music teachers and students were asked to simultaneously observe, analyze, and write extemporaneously about 20 videotaped excerpts of live music situations. Subjects were divided on the basis of their expertise and experience into five groups of 30 people each: freshmen, juniors, novices, experienced teachers, and experts. Responses were analyzed with differential points being given for accurate factual and inferential statement…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
Demonstration and Recognition of High and Low Contrasts in Teacher Intensity
The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher intensity, the global attributes of enthusiasm combined with an astute sense of timing in relation to classroom management and effective subject presentation and delivery. The authors also tried to ascertain whether high and low contrasts in teacher intensity could be taught to and then demonstrated by prospective music education student teachers ( n = 20) and whether other music education majo…
Senior Researcher Award Acceptance Address
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception
The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subjects, 200 music majors and 200 nonmusic majors, heard 10 consecutive presentations of an orchestral excerpt, each of which had been altered by changing the frequency or tempo (or both) of the original version in various combinations. The task was to comp…
Graduate versus Undergraduate Scholarship
This study compared the abilities of 150 music graduate and undergraduate students to make transfers concerning legal, moral, and ethical issues involved in the use of behavioral techniques in music classes. An essay concerned with these issues served as the basis for comparison. Five aspects of the essays were analyzed: (1) length of the essay (number of words); (2) a score that reflected the quality of writing plus the number of transfers plus …
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection
The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight rel…
Observation of Approval/Disapproval in Music
This study was designed to assess subjects' perceptions of teacher approval/disapproval given to elementary students compared to the actual responses of the teacher. Subjects were 109 graduate and undergraduate music therapy ( n = 50) and music education ( n = 59) majors enrolled in classes in behavioral techniques that constituted parts of teacher/therapist training programs. Subjects viewed a 23-min videotape of an ongoing kindergarten music cl…
Pitch and Tempo Discrimination in Recorded Orchestral Music among Musicians and Nonmusicians
Pitch and tempo discriminations within a musical context were investigated. Two hundred musicians and two hundred nonmusicians heard ten excerpts of relatively familiar orchestral music. Excerpts were presented in pairs in order to test the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in pitch and/or tempo from its unaltered presentation. Pitch levels and tempi of the excerpts independently or in combination increased, decr…
Discrimination and Interference in the Recall of Melodic Stimuli
Two studies were designed to investigate the nature of forgetting in regard to melodic stimuli; specifically, the degree to which 400 college-age subjects were able to discriminate identical melodies when extremely similar melodies were interpolated between test and recall melodies. Additionally, an attempt was made to investigate differences that might be attributed to either modal (major-minor) or meter (simple-compound) presentations. In each …
Music Lessons and Books as Reinforcement Alternatives for an Academic Task
While studies of effective reinforcers for academic subject matter have been extensive, the effect of possible subject matter gain for that subject when used as reinforcement for another subject has only recently been investigated. Initial studies indicated that correct math scores increased as a function of a televised music contingency for subjects who were reinforced for correct academic responses. These studies also demonstrated that subjects…
Pitch and Tempo Discrimination in Recorded Orchestral Music among Musicians and Nonmusicians
Pitch and tempo discriminations within a musical context were investigated. Two hundred musicians and two hundred nonmusicians heard ten excerpts of relatively familiar orchestral music. Excerpts were presented in pairs in order to test the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in pitch and/or tempo from its unaltered presentation. Pitch levels and tempi of the excerpts independently or in combination increased, decr…
The Effect of Scale Direction on Pitch Acuity in Solo Vocal Performance
3CALES, which are inferred from music performed for centuries, have merited the arduous study of musicologists who have conceIned themselves with the history of the development of our present diatonic scale. However, only casual mention is made in the literature regarding the performed direction of these scales. Although many attempts have been made to show that descending scale patterns were first used in primitive music, it appears that no auth…
First Remembrances of Wanting to Become a Music Teacher
In the study described here, we used an open-ended written essay to identify the factors that lead students to become music teachers. Ninety music education majors were given the instructions to indicate in their own words their earliest remembrances of when they considered becoming a music teacher, including age, place, who was with them, how they felt, their thoughts at the time, and any other aspects they considered important. Essays were anal…
Modulated Beat Discrimination Among Musicians and Nonmusicians
The purpose of the study was to test auditory discrimination of modulated tempi. Two hundred musicians and nonmusicians participated. Stimuli consisted of selected tempi that were varied to increase, decrease, or remain constant. Tempi were presented in two sets of 25 trials each and were varied at the rate of 10 mm per minute. Subjects were asked to indicate if each trial seemed faster, slower, or remained the same. Subjects were also asked to e…
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception
The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subjects, 200 music majors and 200 nonmusic majors, heard 10 consecutive presentations of an orchestral excerpt, each of which had been altered by changing the frequency or tempo (or both) of the original version in various combinations. The task was to comp…
Demonstration and Recognition of High and Low Contrasts in Teacher Intensity
The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher intensity, the global attributes of enthusiasm combined with an astute sense of timing in relation to classroom management and effective subject presentation and delivery. The authors also tried to ascertain whether high and low contrasts in teacher intensity could be taught to and then demonstrated by prospective music education student teachers ( n = 20) and whether other music education majo…
Discrimination between Tone Quality and Intonation in Unaccompanied Flute/Oboe Duets
The purpose of the study was to investigate discrimination in tone quality and intonation. Four-hundred-eighty (480) music and nonmusic graduate and undergraduate subjects checked good and bad quality/intonation classifications by listening to each of twenty-four oboe and flute duet performances. The duets were unaccompanied and performed either with good or bad quality and close to equal temperament or were adjusted 50 cents sharp between one in…
Support for Music Education
This study is an investigation of several issues relating to teacher retention and attrition. In the spring of 1995, a questionnaire was sent to 225 certified teachers who had all finished a BME during the past 10 years and graduated from the same university. Results indicated that of the senders of 137 returned responses, 24 (17.5%) had chosen not to teach at that time. Specific questions concerned demographic data including years of teaching, a…
An Observation Procedure to Differentiate Teaching Experience and Expertise in Music Education
One hundred fifty music teachers and students were asked to simultaneously observe, analyze, and write extemporaneously about 20 videotaped excerpts of live music situations. Subjects were divided on the basis of their expertise and experience into five groups of 30 people each: freshmen, juniors, novices, experienced teachers, and experts. Responses were analyzed with differential points being given for accurate factual and inferential statement…
Senior Researcher Award Acceptance Address
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
Observation of Approval/Disapproval in Music
This study was designed to assess subjects' perceptions of teacher approval/disapproval given to elementary students compared to the actual responses of the teacher. Subjects were 109 graduate and undergraduate music therapy ( n = 50) and music education ( n = 59) majors enrolled in classes in behavioral techniques that constituted parts of teacher/therapist training programs. Subjects viewed a 23-min videotape of an ongoing kindergarten music cl…
Reflections on Puccini's La Bohème
A continuing line of research indicates that focus of attention is perhaps the most important attribute of actively participating in meaningful music listening and a model accounting for these findings has been developed. Music teachers are especially concerned with meaningful listening when having students discern important elements or attributes of music. Although newer listening devices offer sophisticated methods for continuous measurement, t…
The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo
We investigated the effect of legato and staccato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Ninety music majors served as participants. Listeners heard music examples that had been selected from two pieces, each of which included staccato and legato passages. Excerpts were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increases, gradual decreases, or no change. Modulations were produced in small incremen…
A 30-Year Follow-Up Study of Actual Applied Music Practice versus Estimated Practice
This study was designed to determine if adults are able to remember how much time they actually spent practicing during a past time period of their lives where detailed daily records were kept of actual number of minutes practiced. It also addressed how past practice time relates to their highest level of musical performance across the 30 years on a scale of top-level expert to competent. Responses were divided into six classifications: (1) profe…
An Empirical Method for Measuring the Aesthetic Experience to Music
This study was designed to investigate empirically the “aesthetic experience” as individually defined by each subject. Subjects ( N = 30) were faculty members and advanced graduate students at a large university school of music. Each subject listened to a 20-minute excerpt from Act I of Puccini's La Bohème and simultaneously manipulated the dial of a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived aesthetic level. The CRDI dial…
Examination of the International Scope of Papers Presented at the International Society for Music Education Research Commission Seminars, 1988—2006
The authors classified citations included in papers presented at 10 International Society for Music Education (ISME) biennial International Research Commission Seminars across an 18-year period (1988—2006) based on the six world regions as specified by the ISME Research Commission. Citations ( N = 4,535) were examined from 238 papers presented at the 12th through 21st seminars. There were 2,250 citations from 407 journals, the most prevalent sour…
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection
The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight rel…
Discrimination and Interference in the Recall of Melodic Stimuli
Two studies were designed to investigate the nature of forgetting in regard to melodic stimuli; specifically, the degree to which 400 college-age subjects were able to discriminate identical melodies when extremely similar melodies were interpolated between test and recall melodies. Additionally, an attempt was made to investigate differences that might be attributed to either modal (major-minor) or meter (simple-compound) presentations. In each …
Effect of Contingent Music Listening on Increases of Mathematical Responses
The use of reinforcement principles to expedite learning has been the focus of increasing educational interest as evidenced by a growing number of behavioral texts, research reports, and institutional programs. Contingent reinforcement has been applied within school settings to shape social behavior, academic behavior, and attitudes toward school and learning in general. The selection of appropriate reinforcers for academic work presents an exper…
Effect of Music Via Television as Reinforcement for Correct Mathematics
The purpose of this study was to determine if music lessons presented via television could effect a subject matter music score gain while also functioning as reinforcement for correct academic responses. An entire first grade served as subjects divided in four groups: (1) Televised music lessons contingent upon correct math responses; (2) Partial contingency of televised music lessons for correct math responses; (3) Contact control; and (4) No-co…
Responses of Multi-Aged Music Students to Mid-20th-Century Art Music
This investigation replicates previous research into K–12 students’ responses to mid-20th-century art music. The study extends that research to include undergraduates and graduates as well as an additional group of graduate students who had taken a 20th-century music class. Children’s responses showed remarkable consistency and indicated that younger children gave higher mean liking ratings than did older students. Kindergarten and third-grade yo…
Emotion versus Tension in Haydn's Symphony no. 104 as Measured by the Two-Dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface
This study compared musicians' responses while listening to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony no. 104 using a two-dimensional continuous response digital interface (CRDI). The two-dimensional CRDI uses a mouse cursor via a computer screen to indicate the interrelationship of two dimensions simultaneously. In the present investigation, 50 musicians were presented with the dimensions of arousal (i.e., relaxing-exciting) and affect (i.e., ugly-…
Focus of Attention and Aesthetic Response
In the present study, focus of attention to musical elements was investigated in an attempt to ascertain which elements are perceived as most prominent in relation to aesthetic response as demonstrated in previous work. One hundred experienced musicians listened to the last 20 minutes of Act I of Puccini's La Bohème. Fifty musicians indicated via the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) which of five musical elements (Melody, Rhythm, Timb…
The Effect of Scale Direction on Pitch Acuity in Solo Vocal Performance
3CALES, which are inferred from music performed for centuries, have merited the arduous study of musicologists who have conceIned themselves with the history of the development of our present diatonic scale. However, only casual mention is made in the literature regarding the performed direction of these scales. Although many attempts have been made to show that descending scale patterns were first used in primitive music, it appears that no auth…
Scientific Approach
Effect of Contingent Music Listening on Increases of Mathematical Responses
The use of reinforcement principles to expedite learning has been the focus of increasing educational interest as evidenced by a growing number of behavioral texts, research reports, and institutional programs. Contingent reinforcement has been applied within school settings to shape social behavior, academic behavior, and attitudes toward school and learning in general. The selection of appropriate reinforcers for academic work presents an exper…
Effect of Music Via Television as Reinforcement for Correct Mathematics
The purpose of this study was to determine if music lessons presented via television could effect a subject matter music score gain while also functioning as reinforcement for correct academic responses. An entire first grade served as subjects divided in four groups: (1) Televised music lessons contingent upon correct math responses; (2) Partial contingency of televised music lessons for correct math responses; (3) Contact control; and (4) No-co…
Modulated Beat Discrimination Among Musicians and Nonmusicians
The purpose of the study was to test auditory discrimination of modulated tempi. Two hundred musicians and nonmusicians participated. Stimuli consisted of selected tempi that were varied to increase, decrease, or remain constant. Tempi were presented in two sets of 25 trials each and were varied at the rate of 10 mm per minute. Subjects were asked to indicate if each trial seemed faster, slower, or remained the same. Subjects were also asked to e…
Music Lessons and Books as Reinforcement Alternatives for an Academic Task
While studies of effective reinforcers for academic subject matter have been extensive, the effect of possible subject matter gain for that subject when used as reinforcement for another subject has only recently been investigated. Initial studies indicated that correct math scores increased as a function of a televised music contingency for subjects who were reinforced for correct academic responses. These studies also demonstrated that subjects…
Discrimination between Tone Quality and Intonation in Unaccompanied Flute/Oboe Duets
The purpose of the study was to investigate discrimination in tone quality and intonation. Four-hundred-eighty (480) music and nonmusic graduate and undergraduate subjects checked good and bad quality/intonation classifications by listening to each of twenty-four oboe and flute duet performances. The duets were unaccompanied and performed either with good or bad quality and close to equal temperament or were adjusted 50 cents sharp between one in…
Discrimination and Interference in the Recall of Melodic Stimuli
Two studies were designed to investigate the nature of forgetting in regard to melodic stimuli; specifically, the degree to which 400 college-age subjects were able to discriminate identical melodies when extremely similar melodies were interpolated between test and recall melodies. Additionally, an attempt was made to investigate differences that might be attributed to either modal (major-minor) or meter (simple-compound) presentations. In each …
Pitch and Tempo Discrimination in Recorded Orchestral Music among Musicians and Nonmusicians
Pitch and tempo discriminations within a musical context were investigated. Two hundred musicians and two hundred nonmusicians heard ten excerpts of relatively familiar orchestral music. Excerpts were presented in pairs in order to test the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in pitch and/or tempo from its unaltered presentation. Pitch levels and tempi of the excerpts independently or in combination increased, decr…
Observation of Approval/Disapproval in Music
This study was designed to assess subjects' perceptions of teacher approval/disapproval given to elementary students compared to the actual responses of the teacher. Subjects were 109 graduate and undergraduate music therapy ( n = 50) and music education ( n = 59) majors enrolled in classes in behavioral techniques that constituted parts of teacher/therapist training programs. Subjects viewed a 23-min videotape of an ongoing kindergarten music cl…
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection
The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight rel…
Graduate versus Undergraduate Scholarship
This study compared the abilities of 150 music graduate and undergraduate students to make transfers concerning legal, moral, and ethical issues involved in the use of behavioral techniques in music classes. An essay concerned with these issues served as the basis for comparison. Five aspects of the essays were analyzed: (1) length of the essay (number of words); (2) a score that reflected the quality of writing plus the number of transfers plus …
Senior Researcher Award Acceptance Address
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception
The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subjects, 200 music majors and 200 nonmusic majors, heard 10 consecutive presentations of an orchestral excerpt, each of which had been altered by changing the frequency or tempo (or both) of the original version in various combinations. The task was to comp…
Demonstration and Recognition of High and Low Contrasts in Teacher Intensity
The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher intensity, the global attributes of enthusiasm combined with an astute sense of timing in relation to classroom management and effective subject presentation and delivery. The authors also tried to ascertain whether high and low contrasts in teacher intensity could be taught to and then demonstrated by prospective music education student teachers ( n = 20) and whether other music education majo…
An Observation Procedure to Differentiate Teaching Experience and Expertise in Music Education
One hundred fifty music teachers and students were asked to simultaneously observe, analyze, and write extemporaneously about 20 videotaped excerpts of live music situations. Subjects were divided on the basis of their expertise and experience into five groups of 30 people each: freshmen, juniors, novices, experienced teachers, and experts. Responses were analyzed with differential points being given for accurate factual and inferential statement…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
An Empirical Method for Measuring the Aesthetic Experience to Music
This study was designed to investigate empirically the “aesthetic experience” as individually defined by each subject. Subjects ( N = 30) were faculty members and advanced graduate students at a large university school of music. Each subject listened to a 20-minute excerpt from Act I of Puccini's La Bohème and simultaneously manipulated the dial of a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived aesthetic level. The CRDI dial…
Focus of Attention and Aesthetic Response
In the present study, focus of attention to musical elements was investigated in an attempt to ascertain which elements are perceived as most prominent in relation to aesthetic response as demonstrated in previous work. One hundred experienced musicians listened to the last 20 minutes of Act I of Puccini's La Bohème. Fifty musicians indicated via the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) which of five musical elements (Melody, Rhythm, Timb…
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Emotion versus Tension in Haydn's Symphony no. 104 as Measured by the Two-Dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface
This study compared musicians' responses while listening to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony no. 104 using a two-dimensional continuous response digital interface (CRDI). The two-dimensional CRDI uses a mouse cursor via a computer screen to indicate the interrelationship of two dimensions simultaneously. In the present investigation, 50 musicians were presented with the dimensions of arousal (i.e., relaxing-exciting) and affect (i.e., ugly-…
Support for Music Education
This study is an investigation of several issues relating to teacher retention and attrition. In the spring of 1995, a questionnaire was sent to 225 certified teachers who had all finished a BME during the past 10 years and graduated from the same university. Results indicated that of the senders of 137 returned responses, 24 (17.5%) had chosen not to teach at that time. Specific questions concerned demographic data including years of teaching, a…
Perception and Cognition in Music
We investigated different levels of age and musical training in relation to subjects' melodic perception in music by testing their ability to perceive a target melody when extremely similar melodies are interpolated between this original melody and its reoccurrence. Participants were sixth graders, eighth graders, young adults, and trained musicians who listened to 16 original melodies, each of which was followed by 8 extremely similar melodies. …
First Remembrances of Wanting to Become a Music Teacher
In the study described here, we used an open-ended written essay to identify the factors that lead students to become music teachers. Ninety music education majors were given the instructions to indicate in their own words their earliest remembrances of when they considered becoming a music teacher, including age, place, who was with them, how they felt, their thoughts at the time, and any other aspects they considered important. Essays were anal…
A 30-Year Follow-Up Study of Actual Applied Music Practice versus Estimated Practice
This study was designed to determine if adults are able to remember how much time they actually spent practicing during a past time period of their lives where detailed daily records were kept of actual number of minutes practiced. It also addressed how past practice time relates to their highest level of musical performance across the 30 years on a scale of top-level expert to competent. Responses were divided into six classifications: (1) profe…
Psychology (29 obras) · Diverse Music Education Insights (22 obras) · Neuroscience and Music Perception (20 obras) · Pedagogy (16 obras) · Medicine (15 obras) · Audiology (14 obras) · Music education (13 obras) · Art (12 obras) · Cognitive psychology (10 obras) · Communication (10 obras)