Margaret G Hermann
Biographic Data
| ID | 1005350 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Margaret G Hermann |
| GIVEN NAMES | Margaret G |
| FAMILY NAME | Hermann |
| SIGNATURE | HERMANN M G |
| AFFILIATIONS | The Ohio State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 45 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1003 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 45 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Transnational Crime and Black Spots: Rethinking Sovereignty and the Global Economy
This book examines the regions which operate outside of effective state-based government control and are sustained by illicit economic activities. The authors call these safe havens ‘black spots’ and explore 80 examples of such places in order to understand how they emerge and how they function
Leadership and Behavior in Humanitarian and Development Transnational Non-Governmental Organizations
Does leadership matter in the governance of civil society organizations? In particular, do the CEOs of humanitarian and development NGOs exhibit different leadership styles and perceive their work environments in different ways as the literature suggests. To explore this question we interviewed 96 CEOs—32 from humanitarian NGOs and 64 from development NGOs. In the process we found support for the descriptions of the leadership of these two types …
Increased Complexity Has Its Benefits
This piece is a response to the Conway, Conway, Gornick, and Houck (2014) description of an automated method for assessing integrative complexity. It builds on the authors' 15 years of experience in automating a variety of textual analysis coding schemes including that measuring conceptual complexity and is intended to address some of the issues raised in the process of automating content analysis categories
Leadership, terrorism, and the use of violence
Can we use what leaders of terrorist organizations say to help us understand what they are like, their leadership styles, and when they are likely to use violence to gain what they want? In this study, we examine the words of the leaders of al Qa'ida Central (AQ-C) and al Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) using Leadership Trait Analysis, an assessment-at-a-distance technique developed to provide answers to this type of question. Comparing th…
Content Analysis
Only movie stars, hit rock groups, and athletes leave more traces of their behavior in the public arena than politicians. Few of a US president’s or a British prime minister’s movements or statements, for example, escape the media’s and archivists’ notice. With 24/7 coverage and the Internet, what leaders from around the world discuss is often beamed into our televisions and put onto the Web. Through content analysis, such materials help us learn…
How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework
How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework Get access Margaret G. Hermann Margaret G. Hermann Maxwell School, Syracuse University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Review, Volume 3, Issue 2, Summer 2001, Pages 47–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00234 Published: 30 May 2003
Who Leads Matters: The Effects of Powerful Individuals
People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking: Insights from Comparative Case Studies
Journal Article People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking: Insights from Comparative Case Studies Get access Ryan K. Beasley, Ryan K. Beasley Baker University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Juliet Kaarbo, Juliet Kaarbo University of Kansas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles F. Hermann, Charles F. Hermann Bush School, Texas A & M University Search for other …
Democracies and Intervention: Is there a Danger Zone in the Democratic Peace
By overlooking the full range of studies of democracy and intervention that we have undertaken, Tures misrepresents our intentions and our evidence. To clarify the definable patterns within democracies' use of interventions, we broaden his picture of our results to demonstrate where his critique of our general findings is misleading. By focusing exclusively on the methodological implications of only one part of our program of research, Tures fail…
Leadership styles of prime ministers: How individual differences affect the foreign policymaking process
The U.S. use of military intervention to promote democracy: Evaluating the record
Given the foreign policy priority that the Clinton administration has placed on the “enlargement” of the democratic community, a relevant question is whether military intervention is an effective instrument for achieving such a purpose. This research explores the impact of American interventions since 1945 on the political systems of the targets. What happens when U.S. presidents pursue “pro‐liberalization policies” through military interventions…
International Decision Making: Leadership Matters
One Field, Many Perspectives: Building the Foundations for Dialogue
Highlighted by the dramatic changes that are occurring in the world and the number of problems that are now global in scope, there is an increasing need for dialogue among the subfields and specializations that comprise the field of international studies. But because the questions we raise, the ways we define the prime movers in international politics, and the information we seek often differ, we prefer to interact with those who share our view o…
A Peace Dividend? Democracies' Military Interventions and Their External Political Consequences
Numerous empirical investigations have found that democracies do not wage war against one another. This finding has inspired hope that the rapid worldwide dispersion of democracy since the mid-1970s will produce an era of pacific relations and has encouraged the active promotion of democratization. This paper inspects democracies' use of overt military intervention between 1974 and 1988 and shows that democratic states targeted military activity …
Who Takes Risks: Daring and Caution in Foreign Policy Making
National leaders confront risky decisions on a regular basis. Although leaders may differ widely in their tolerance for risk, students of foreign policymaking lack compelling explanations for these differences. One of the few attempts to grapple with this problem holds that decision makers accept risks to avoid losses but refuse to take risks to make comparable gains. This tendency, embodied in prospect theory, is experimentally robust but consis…
Putting Military Intervention into the Democratic Peace: A Research Note
Although many empirical investigations have demonstrated that democracies almost never wage war against one another, there remains some doubt whether this empirical law applies to other kinds of armed conflict. The present research note combines two streams of evidence that speak to this question. Looking cross-nationally at the incidence of overt military intervention between 1974 and 1991, an inventory of 225 discrete cases is produced with the…
Ballots, a Barrier against the Use of Bullets and Bombs: Democratization and Military Intervention
Numerous empirical investigations have demonstrated that democracies are prone to cooperate with one another and that they almost never wage war against one another. Such research has inspired hope that so-called democratic peace might be achieved in the post-cold-war era, especially in light of the rapid diffusion of democracy worldwide since the mid-1970s. This article collates two streams of previously unexamined evidence that speak to the pro…
How Democracies Use Intervention: A Neglected Dimension in Studies of the Democratic Peace
Confidence has grown in the finding that democracies do not wage war against one another. Two decades of empirical investigation that support this proposition, in conjunction with the recent expansion of the democratic community, have understandably inspired hope in the `democratic peace' envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson. This article collates three streams of previously unexamined evidence that speak to the promise of this hope. Lo…
Military intervention and the democratic peace
The finding generated by numerous empirical investigations that democracies do not wage war against one another has inspired hope that the democratic “pacific union” envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson might be created in the late 1990s as democracy spreads worldwide. This paper examines democracies' use of overt military intervention, exploring if the democratic peace applies to small‐scale as well as large‐scale war. The research unc…
Leaders, Leadership, and Flexibility: Influences on Heads of Government as Negotiators and Mediators
Under what conditions do heads of governments have the flexibility to change their policies, and what is the impact of such flexibility on their behavior in negotiation and mediation processes? Leadership is viewed as an umbrella concept that involves at least four ingredients: the characteristics of the leader; the needs, images, and expectations of those led, the constituents of the leader; the nature of the relationship between the leader and …
The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization
Many scholars and policy-makers have pinned their hopes on the expectation that in the post-Cold War world peace will be preserved if the diffusion of democracy continues. This hope is grounded on the demonstrable evidence that historically democracies have rarely, if ever, waged large-scale war to resolve their disputes with one another. Yet explanations as to why this propensity is exhibited have been unsatisfactory, and debate about the causes…
Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology
The intent of this article is to expand our understanding of the "zone of peace" that appears to surround democracies by proposing several explanations derived from psychological theories. These explanations, in contrast to those considered conventionally, explicitly incorporate leaders, leaders' perceptions, and their leadership styles. The first builds on social identity theory and focuses on leaders' images and beliefs about the enemy. The sec…
Presidential Leadership Style, Advisory Systems, and Policy Making: Bill Clinton's Administration after Seven Months
How does President Clinton's leadership style influence the nature of the White House and its organization? This paper presents a framework that links leadership style to patterns of authority and coordination in advisory systems and explores how the early Clinton administration fits within this framework. In making judgments about Clinton and his advisers, the analysis builds from a personality profile of him done by the author as well as descri…
Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effect of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements
As the world grows more complex, interdependent, and filled with uncertainties, presidents face an increasing dilemma in the making of foreign policy. More parts of the government have become involved in the foreign policy-making process and increasing numbers of agencies, organizations, and people have developed some interest in what happens in the international arena. Presidents inevitably are drawn into the whirlpool of foreign affairs (Fallow…
Report on the 1991 Ohio State University Summer Institute in Political Psychology
In July and August 1991, the Ohio State University hosted the first annual Summer Institute in Political Psychology. This program brought 57 scholars (including graduate students, faculty, and professionals) to Ohio State University to study theory and methods for examining the psychological processes involved in political phenomena and political influences on psychological processes. Their one-month intensive training included lectures in basic …
Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders
Do the personal characteristics of political leaders affect their governments' foreign policy behavior? The present study examines the impact of 6 personal characteristics of 45 heads of government on the foreign policy behavior of their nations. These characteristics, each of individual interest, interrelate to form two orientations to foreign affairs, and the influence of these orientations on foreign policy behavior is also explored. The resul…
Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology
The intent of this article is to expand our understanding of the "zone of peace" that appears to surround democracies by proposing several explanations derived from psychological theories. These explanations, in contrast to those considered conventionally, explicitly incorporate leaders, leaders' perceptions, and their leadership styles. The first builds on social identity theory and focuses on leaders' images and beliefs about the enemy. The sec…
Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry
Journal Article Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry Get access Margaret G. Hermann, Margaret G. Hermann Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles F. Hermann Charles F. Hermann Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 33, Issue 4, December 1989, Pages 361–387, https:…
Who Takes Risks: Daring and Caution in Foreign Policy Making
National leaders confront risky decisions on a regular basis. Although leaders may differ widely in their tolerance for risk, students of foreign policymaking lack compelling explanations for these differences. One of the few attempts to grapple with this problem holds that decision makers accept risks to avoid losses but refuse to take risks to make comparable gains. This tendency, embodied in prospect theory, is experimentally robust but consis…
Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effect of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements
As the world grows more complex, interdependent, and filled with uncertainties, presidents face an increasing dilemma in the making of foreign policy. More parts of the government have become involved in the foreign policy-making process and increasing numbers of agencies, organizations, and people have developed some interest in what happens in the international arena. Presidents inevitably are drawn into the whirlpool of foreign affairs (Fallow…
Who Leads Matters: The Effects of Powerful Individuals
The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance: Procedures, Portraits, and Policy
We assessed the personalities of George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev at a distance, using methods and materials developed by each of the authors for measuring motives, cognitions, and traits. We discuss methodological and procedural issues. Results are presented in terms of quantitative scores, expressed in comparison with other political leaders. The integrated personality portraits developedfor each leader are discussed in relation to popular and…
International Decision Making: Leadership Matters
How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework
How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework Get access Margaret G. Hermann Margaret G. Hermann Maxwell School, Syracuse University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Review, Volume 3, Issue 2, Summer 2001, Pages 47–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00234 Published: 30 May 2003
An Attempt to Simulate the Outbreak of World War I
Political games and simulations are models or representations of particular political systems and their associated processes. They are techniques for reproducing in a simplified form selected aspects of one system, A, in some independent system, A′. Games and simulations have a dynamic quality produced by the complex interaction of properties in the model. This feature enables them to generate states of the system that differ radically from those…
Ballots, a Barrier against the Use of Bullets and Bombs: Democratization and Military Intervention
Numerous empirical investigations have demonstrated that democracies are prone to cooperate with one another and that they almost never wage war against one another. Such research has inspired hope that so-called democratic peace might be achieved in the post-cold-war era, especially in light of the rapid diffusion of democracy worldwide since the mid-1970s. This article collates two streams of previously unexamined evidence that speak to the pro…
Political Psychology: Contemporary Problems and Issues
One Field, Many Perspectives: Building the Foundations for Dialogue
Highlighted by the dramatic changes that are occurring in the world and the number of problems that are now global in scope, there is an increasing need for dialogue among the subfields and specializations that comprise the field of international studies. But because the questions we raise, the ways we define the prime movers in international politics, and the information we seek often differ, we prefer to interact with those who share our view o…
The U.S. use of military intervention to promote democracy: Evaluating the record
Given the foreign policy priority that the Clinton administration has placed on the “enlargement” of the democratic community, a relevant question is whether military intervention is an effective instrument for achieving such a purpose. This research explores the impact of American interventions since 1945 on the political systems of the targets. What happens when U.S. presidents pursue “pro‐liberalization policies” through military interventions…
Modeling the 1973 Soviet Decision to Support Egypt
We present a contingency model of Soviet foreign policy making that focuses on decision making in the Politburo. The model is designed around three questions and shows how the answers to these questions determine the likely nature of the decision the Politburo will reach at any point in time. The questions are (1) Whose positions on the Politburo are critical to making a decision? (2) What are the positions or preferences of those who count on th…
Negotiation in leader and delegate groups
Putting Military Intervention into the Democratic Peace: A Research Note
Although many empirical investigations have demonstrated that democracies almost never wage war against one another, there remains some doubt whether this empirical law applies to other kinds of armed conflict. The present research note combines two streams of evidence that speak to this question. Looking cross-nationally at the incidence of overt military intervention between 1974 and 1991, an inventory of 225 discrete cases is produced with the…
Military intervention and the democratic peace
The finding generated by numerous empirical investigations that democracies do not wage war against one another has inspired hope that the democratic “pacific union” envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson might be created in the late 1990s as democracy spreads worldwide. This paper examines democracies' use of overt military intervention, exploring if the democratic peace applies to small‐scale as well as large‐scale war. The research unc…
How Democracies Use Intervention: A Neglected Dimension in Studies of the Democratic Peace
Confidence has grown in the finding that democracies do not wage war against one another. Two decades of empirical investigation that support this proposition, in conjunction with the recent expansion of the democratic community, have understandably inspired hope in the `democratic peace' envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson. This article collates three streams of previously unexamined evidence that speak to the promise of this hope. Lo…
People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking: Insights from Comparative Case Studies
Journal Article People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking: Insights from Comparative Case Studies Get access Ryan K. Beasley, Ryan K. Beasley Baker University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Juliet Kaarbo, Juliet Kaarbo University of Kansas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles F. Hermann, Charles F. Hermann Bush School, Texas A & M University Search for other …
Leaders, Leadership, and Flexibility: Influences on Heads of Government as Negotiators and Mediators
Under what conditions do heads of governments have the flexibility to change their policies, and what is the impact of such flexibility on their behavior in negotiation and mediation processes? Leadership is viewed as an umbrella concept that involves at least four ingredients: the characteristics of the leader; the needs, images, and expectations of those led, the constituents of the leader; the nature of the relationship between the leader and …
The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization
Many scholars and policy-makers have pinned their hopes on the expectation that in the post-Cold War world peace will be preserved if the diffusion of democracy continues. This hope is grounded on the demonstrable evidence that historically democracies have rarely, if ever, waged large-scale war to resolve their disputes with one another. Yet explanations as to why this propensity is exhibited have been unsatisfactory, and debate about the causes…
Teaching with Inter-Nation Simulation and Case Studies
Simulation" and "case studies" are supplementary teaching aids available for university courses in political science and international relations. The newer technique, simulation, has been used at several universities to augment instruction in international relations, foreign policy making, national security policy, urban politics, and political parties and elections. In fields other than political science, similar techniques abound. The number of…
Indicators of Stress in Policymakers during Foreign Policy Crises
Given the far-reaching consequences of decisions in foreign policy crises for a nation and the international arena, the quality of decision making in such situations needs careful attention. Case studies indicate that the quality of the performance of policymakers in crises is highly variable. Some policymakers reveal abilities and resourcefulness in crisis situations seldom seen in their day-to-day activities; whereas others appear erratic, devo…
Increased Complexity Has Its Benefits
This piece is a response to the Conway, Conway, Gornick, and Houck (2014) description of an automated method for assessing integrative complexity. It builds on the authors' 15 years of experience in automating a variety of textual analysis coding schemes including that measuring conceptual complexity and is intended to address some of the issues raised in the process of automating content analysis categories
Testing a model of psychological stress1
Teaching with Inter-Nation Simulation and Case Studies
Simulation" and "case studies" are supplementary teaching aids available for university courses in political science and international relations. The newer technique, simulation, has been used at several universities to augment instruction in international relations, foreign policy making, national security policy, urban politics, and political parties and elections. In fields other than political science, similar techniques abound. The number of…
An Attempt to Simulate the Outbreak of World War I
Political games and simulations are models or representations of particular political systems and their associated processes. They are techniques for reproducing in a simplified form selected aspects of one system, A, in some independent system, A′. Games and simulations have a dynamic quality produced by the complex interaction of properties in the model. This feature enables them to generate states of the system that differ radically from those…
Negotiation in leader and delegate groups
Are Bayesian decisions artificially intelligent? The effect of task and personality on conservatism in processing information
Counterattack or Delay: Characteristics Influencing Decision Makers' Responses To the Simulation of an Unidentified Attack
This paper reports a secondary analysis of a series of simulation runs which explored the effects of a broad array of variables on a nation's response to an imminent strategic attack from an unidentified source. Seven variables appeared as important in determining whether a nation would counterattack or delay retaliation when given such a warning. These variables include availability of a weapon survivability system, the economic and force capabi…
The Leadership Passion: A Psychology of Ideology
Burns on Political Leadership
Indicators of Stress in Policymakers during Foreign Policy Crises
Given the far-reaching consequences of decisions in foreign policy crises for a nation and the international arena, the quality of decision making in such situations needs careful attention. Case studies indicate that the quality of the performance of policymakers in crises is highly variable. Some policymakers reveal abilities and resourcefulness in crisis situations seldom seen in their day-to-day activities; whereas others appear erratic, devo…
"On "Foreign Policy Makers, Personality Attributes, and Interviews: A Note on Reliability Problems
Journal Article Comments: On “Foreign Policy Makers, Personality Attributes, and Interviews: A Note on Reliability Problems” Get access Margaret G. Hermann Margaret G. Hermann Mershon Center, Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 24, Issue 1, March 1980, Pages 67–73, https://doi.org/10.2307/2600128 Published: 01 March 1980
Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders
Do the personal characteristics of political leaders affect their governments' foreign policy behavior? The present study examines the impact of 6 personal characteristics of 45 heads of government on the foreign policy behavior of their nations. These characteristics, each of individual interest, interrelate to form two orientations to foreign affairs, and the influence of these orientations on foreign policy behavior is also explored. The resul…
Political Psychology and Biopolitics: Assessing and Predicting Elite Behavior in Foreign Policy Crises. Gerald W. Hopple
Political Science and the Humanities: A Report of the American Political Science Association
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Political Psychology Comes of Age
Political Psychology: Contemporary Problems and Issues
Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry
Journal Article Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry Get access Margaret G. Hermann, Margaret G. Hermann Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles F. Hermann Charles F. Hermann Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Studies Quarterly, Volume 33, Issue 4, December 1989, Pages 361–387, https:…
Modeling the 1973 Soviet Decision to Support Egypt
We present a contingency model of Soviet foreign policy making that focuses on decision making in the Politburo. The model is designed around three questions and shows how the answers to these questions determine the likely nature of the decision the Politburo will reach at any point in time. The questions are (1) Whose positions on the Politburo are critical to making a decision? (2) What are the positions or preferences of those who count on th…
The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev at a Distance: Follow-Up on Predictions
Earlier this year, we published in the pages of this journal an at-a-distance assessment of the personalities of United States President George Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, based on systematic content analysis of their speech and press conference transcripts (Winter et al., 1991). The data analyses were completed in July 1988 and March 1989, respectively; the paper itself was completed in June 1990. Since that time two crises-the …
The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance: Procedures, Portraits, and Policy
We assessed the personalities of George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev at a distance, using methods and materials developed by each of the authors for measuring motives, cognitions, and traits. We discuss methodological and procedural issues. Results are presented in terms of quantitative scores, expressed in comparison with other political leaders. The integrated personality portraits developedfor each leader are discussed in relation to popular and…
Explaining Self-Defeating Foreign Policy Decisions: Interpreting Soviet Arms for Egypt in 1973 Through Process or Domestic Bargaining Models
How should we explain why a state sometimes adopts a foreign policy in one region that interferes with its concurrent policies elsewhere? In their article in the March 1989 issue of this Review , Stewart, Hermann and Hermann proposed a three-level process model of foreign policy to explain such Soviet behavior towards Egypt in 1973. The analysis has continuing interest because it interprets the puzzling behavior as a manifestation of general prob…
Report on the 1991 Ohio State University Summer Institute in Political Psychology
In July and August 1991, the Ohio State University hosted the first annual Summer Institute in Political Psychology. This program brought 57 scholars (including graduate students, faculty, and professionals) to Ohio State University to study theory and methods for examining the psychological processes involved in political phenomena and political influences on psychological processes. Their one-month intensive training included lectures in basic …
Presidential Leadership Style, Advisory Systems, and Policy Making: Bill Clinton's Administration after Seven Months
How does President Clinton's leadership style influence the nature of the White House and its organization? This paper presents a framework that links leadership style to patterns of authority and coordination in advisory systems and explores how the early Clinton administration fits within this framework. In making judgments about Clinton and his advisers, the analysis builds from a personality profile of him done by the author as well as descri…
Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effect of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements
As the world grows more complex, interdependent, and filled with uncertainties, presidents face an increasing dilemma in the making of foreign policy. More parts of the government have become involved in the foreign policy-making process and increasing numbers of agencies, organizations, and people have developed some interest in what happens in the international arena. Presidents inevitably are drawn into the whirlpool of foreign affairs (Fallow…
Military intervention and the democratic peace
The finding generated by numerous empirical investigations that democracies do not wage war against one another has inspired hope that the democratic “pacific union” envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson might be created in the late 1990s as democracy spreads worldwide. This paper examines democracies' use of overt military intervention, exploring if the democratic peace applies to small‐scale as well as large‐scale war. The research unc…
Leaders, Leadership, and Flexibility: Influences on Heads of Government as Negotiators and Mediators
Under what conditions do heads of governments have the flexibility to change their policies, and what is the impact of such flexibility on their behavior in negotiation and mediation processes? Leadership is viewed as an umbrella concept that involves at least four ingredients: the characteristics of the leader; the needs, images, and expectations of those led, the constituents of the leader; the nature of the relationship between the leader and …
Political science (40 works) · Law (33 works) · Psychology (32 works) · Law (29 works) · Politics (29 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Computer Science (19 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Economics (15 works)