Timothy Shanahan
Biographic Data
| ID | 1023273 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Timothy Shanahan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Timothy |
| FAMILY NAME | Shanahan |
| SIGNATURE | SHANAHAN T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Loyola Marymount University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5806-7804 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 177 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
What role, if any, should phonics play in a middle school or high school? The answer may surprise you
Research shows little benefit from phonics instruction in Grades 2 through 12. However, more recent studies show that students who fall below a decoding threshold fail to benefit from other kinds of reading instruction. This exploration of the evidence suggests that these students are likely to need support in the reading and spelling of multisyllabic words and words with common morphological elements. Explicit instruction with a focus on the dec…
‘Did Blade Runner predict the future?’ (and other questions that, by contrast, we should ask)
Around November 2019 – the month and year in which Blade Runner ([1982] 2007) is set – the internet was awash in articles asking versions of the same question: ‘Did Blade Runner accurately predict the future?’ Commentators weighed in, assessing the extent to which the future that the film predicted had, in fact, materialized. Similarly, Blade Runner has been hailed as a prophetic film that presciently anticipated the world in which we now live, a…
A Review of the Evidence on Tier 1 Instruction for Readers With Dyslexia
In this article, I provide an examination of research evidence concerning the effects of classroom instruction (Tier 1) for students with dyslexia and other reading problems. I discuss the suitability and limitations of different types of research evidence that may be used to determine how best to support the learning of these students in the classroom (e.g., studies of the effects of classroom instruction on average reading achievement, studies …
What Constitutes a Science of Reading Instruction
Recently, the term science of reading has been used in public debate to promote policies and instructional practices based on research on the basic cognitive mechanisms of reading, the neural processes involved in reading, computational models of learning to read, and the like. According to those views, such data provide convincing evidence that explicit decoding instruction (e.g., phonological awareness, phonics) should be beneficial to reading …
Blade Runner 2049
Philosophy and Blade Runner
Death
The replicants consider death to be the most important problem they face — even greater than their slavery in the Off-world colonies. Their dangerous and difficult quest to meet their creator makes no sense without this belief. Although there are many previous hints in the film, this fact is finally made explicit in the tense scene in which Roy Batty finally confronts Tyrell: What ... What seems to be the problem? Death. Death. Well, I’m afraid t…
The Implications of Disciplinary Literacy
During the past several years, middle schools and high schools have been shifting their attention to disciplinary literacy. The Common Core State Standards are explicit in requiring teachers to teach the literacy of science, literature, and history, and even states that are not part of Common Core (such as Texas) are making this shift as well. This e‐mail discussion between Cynthia and Timothy Shanahan explores the implications of disciplinary li…
Darwinism and the Divine
Journal Article Darwinism and the Divine: Evolutionary Thought and Natural Theology. By Alister E Get access Darwinism and the Divine: Evolutionary Thought and Natural Theology. By Alister E. McGrath. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 320 pages. $34.95. Timothy Shanahan Timothy Shanahan Loyola Marymount University [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 82…
What Is Disciplinary Literacy and Why Does It Matter
Recently, it has been proposed that schools teach disciplinary literacy in science, mathematics, history, and literature classes as students move into middle school and high school. A disciplinary literacy approach emphasizes the specialized knowledge and abilities possessed by those who create, communicate, and use knowledge within each of the disciplines. This article compares disciplinary literacy with the more widely emphasized approach known…
Analysis of Expert Readers in Three Disciplines
The purpose of this study is to describe educationally relevant differences in literacy use among three subject-matter disciplines—history, chemistry, and mathematics. These analyses were drawn from an investigation of the teaching of disciplinary literacy in high schools. The purpose of the overall project was to improve the literacy-teaching preparation in a secondary preservice teacher education program, but this study sought to identify speci…
Phylogenetic inertia and Darwin’s higher law
Betraying a certain corruption of mind
A common assumption underwriting much counterterrorism activity is that terrorism, by definition, is necessarily morally wrong. One aim of this paper is to challenge this assumption by defending a novel definition of ‘terrorism’ that makes the morality of terrorism a question to be answered by the application of moral theories to specific terrorist acts, rather than by definitional fiat. After surveying definitions of ‘terrorism’ current in the l…
Developing Early Literacy Skills
This rejoinder provides responses to the conceptual concerns expressed in the nine critiques published in this issue of Educational Researcher of the 2008 National Early Literacy Panel report. It explains the necessity of adhering to clearly established study selection parameters in conducting trustworthy meta-analyses and the need to be cautious in claims made on the basis of empirical evidence. The rejoinder summarizes the report’s extensive an…
The National Early Literacy Panel
This article summarizes Developing Early Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel, which was published in 2008. That report provides an extensive meta-analysis of approximately 300 studies showing which early literacy measures correlate with later literacy achievement. It also provides a series of meta-analyses of a comprehensive collection of experimental and quasi-experimental studies of ways of teaching early literacy (preschool a…
Teaching Disciplinary Literacy to Adolescents
advanced literacy instruction embedded within content-area classes such as math, science, and social studies — should be a focus of middle and secondary school settings. Moving beyond the oft-cited “every teacher a teacher of reading ” philosophy that has historically frustrated secondary content-area teachers, the Shanahans present data collected during the first two years of a study on disciplinary literacy that reveal how content experts and s…
Why don’t zebras have machine guns? Adaptation, selection, and constraints in evolutionary theory
The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism
GBS_insertPreviewButtonPopup('ISBN:9780748635306');Is terrorism ever morally justified? How should historical and cultural factors be taken into account in judging the morality of terrorist acts? What are the ethical limits of state counter-terrorism?For three decades the Provisional Irish Republican Army waged an 'armed struggle' against what it considered to be the British occupation of Northern Ireland. To its supporters, the IRA was the legit…
Methodological and contextual factors in the Dawkins/Gould dispute over evolutionary progress
Phonemic Awareness Instruction Helps Children Learn to Read
S A quantitative meta‐analysis evaluating the effects of phonemic awareness (PA) instruction on learning to read and spell was conducted by the National Reading Panel. There were 52 studies published in peer‐reviewed journals, and these contributed 96 cases comparing the outcomes of treatment and control groups. Analysis of effect sizes revealed that the impact of PA instruction on helping children acquire PA was large and statistically significa…
Reading and Writing Relations and Their Development
A brief retrospective is first provided on the study of reading and writing relations. Next, it is suggested that research has supported the theoretical contention that reading and writing rely on analogous mental processes and isomorphic knowledge. Four basic types of shared knowledge are delineated. Then, reasons are articulated about why it is also important to consider the separability of reading and writing. Further, over time, as reading an…
Kitcher's Compromise
Literacy Research That Makes a Difference
Which studies have changed how we teach literacy? What are the fundamental characteristics of studies that make a difference? The authors offer a conversation on these topics, and propose a list of 13 studies that have influenced instructional practice. [This article is reprinted in Preparing Reading Professionals . www.reading.orgpublicationsbbvbooksbk564 ]
Reading Recovery
Timothy Shanahan, Rebecca Barr, Reading Recovery: An Independent Evaluation of the Effects of an Early Instructional Intervention for At-Risk Learners, Reading Research Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct. - Nov. - Dec., 1995), pp. 958-996
Children’s Knowledge of Organization, Cohesion, and Voice in Written Exposition
This study investigatest he abilityo f 48 children at two grades (3, 5) and reading ability levels (good, poor) to write functionally appropriate expository texts. Their texts (96 in all) were examined for appropriateness and complexity of organization; cohesion, including cohesive harmony; and voice. They were also ranked holistically for quality of writing by adult readers. The data were submitted to descriptive and parametric statistics that e…
Phonemic Awareness Instruction Helps Children Learn to Read
S A quantitative meta‐analysis evaluating the effects of phonemic awareness (PA) instruction on learning to read and spell was conducted by the National Reading Panel. There were 52 studies published in peer‐reviewed journals, and these contributed 96 cases comparing the outcomes of treatment and control groups. Analysis of effect sizes revealed that the impact of PA instruction on helping children acquire PA was large and statistically significa…
What Constitutes a Science of Reading Instruction
Recently, the term science of reading has been used in public debate to promote policies and instructional practices based on research on the basic cognitive mechanisms of reading, the neural processes involved in reading, computational models of learning to read, and the like. According to those views, such data provide convincing evidence that explicit decoding instruction (e.g., phonological awareness, phonics) should be beneficial to reading …
Reading Recovery
Timothy Shanahan, Rebecca Barr, Reading Recovery: An Independent Evaluation of the Effects of an Early Instructional Intervention for At-Risk Learners, Reading Research Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct. - Nov. - Dec., 1995), pp. 958-996
The National Early Literacy Panel
This article summarizes Developing Early Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel, which was published in 2008. That report provides an extensive meta-analysis of approximately 300 studies showing which early literacy measures correlate with later literacy achievement. It also provides a series of meta-analyses of a comprehensive collection of experimental and quasi-experimental studies of ways of teaching early literacy (preschool a…
The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism
GBS_insertPreviewButtonPopup('ISBN:9780748635306');Is terrorism ever morally justified? How should historical and cultural factors be taken into account in judging the morality of terrorist acts? What are the ethical limits of state counter-terrorism?For three decades the Provisional Irish Republican Army waged an 'armed struggle' against what it considered to be the British occupation of Northern Ireland. To its supporters, the IRA was the legit…
High School Effects on Individual Students
Developing Early Literacy Skills
This rejoinder provides responses to the conceptual concerns expressed in the nine critiques published in this issue of Educational Researcher of the 2008 National Early Literacy Panel report. It explains the necessity of adhering to clearly established study selection parameters in conducting trustworthy meta-analyses and the need to be cautious in claims made on the basis of empirical evidence. The rejoinder summarizes the report’s extensive an…
Cloze as a Measure of Intersentential Comprehension
CLOZE TESTS ARE FREQUENTLY USED to measure reading comprehension. Although cloze is generally accepted as a global measure of reading comprehension, and cloze test results are reportedly well correlated with those of traditional comprehension tests, the question of which specific components of reading comprehension are measured by cloze tests has not been adequately explored. This study assessed the sensitivity of cloze passages as measures of th…
Why don’t zebras have machine guns? Adaptation, selection, and constraints in evolutionary theory
Good and Poor Elementary Readers' Use of Cohesion in Writing
Betraying a certain corruption of mind
A common assumption underwriting much counterterrorism activity is that terrorism, by definition, is necessarily morally wrong. One aim of this paper is to challenge this assumption by defending a novel definition of ‘terrorism’ that makes the morality of terrorism a question to be answered by the application of moral theories to specific terrorist acts, rather than by definitional fiat. After surveying definitions of ‘terrorism’ current in the l…
Kant, naturphilosophie, and Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism
Phylogenetic inertia and Darwin’s higher law
Methodological and contextual factors in the Dawkins/Gould dispute over evolutionary progress
Literacy Research That Makes a Difference
Which studies have changed how we teach literacy? What are the fundamental characteristics of studies that make a difference? The authors offer a conversation on these topics, and propose a list of 13 studies that have influenced instructional practice. [This article is reprinted in Preparing Reading Professionals . www.reading.orgpublicationsbbvbooksbk564 ]
Cloze as a Measure of Intersentential Comprehension
CLOZE TESTS ARE FREQUENTLY USED to measure reading comprehension. Although cloze is generally accepted as a global measure of reading comprehension, and cloze test results are reportedly well correlated with those of traditional comprehension tests, the question of which specific components of reading comprehension are measured by cloze tests has not been adequately explored. This study assessed the sensitivity of cloze passages as measures of th…
A Response to Henk and Cziko
High School Effects on Individual Students
A Developmental Comparison of Three Theoretical Models of the Reading-Writing Relationship
Preview this article: A Developmental Comparison of Three Theoretical Models of the Reading-Writing Relationship, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/rte/22/2/researchintheteachingofenglish15553-1.gif
Kant, naturphilosophie, and Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism
Good and Poor Elementary Readers' Use of Cohesion in Writing
Evolution, Phenotypic Selection, and the Units of Selection
In recent years philosophers have attempted to clarify the units of selection controversy in evolutionary biology by offering conceptual analyses of the term ‘unit of selection’. A common feature of many of these analyses is an emphasis on the claim that units of selection are entities exhibiting heritable variation in fitness. In this paper I argue that the demand that units of selection be characterized in terms of heritability is unnecessary, …
Children’s Knowledge of Organization, Cohesion, and Voice in Written Exposition
This study investigatest he abilityo f 48 children at two grades (3, 5) and reading ability levels (good, poor) to write functionally appropriate expository texts. Their texts (96 in all) were examined for appropriateness and complexity of organization; cohesion, including cohesive harmony; and voice. They were also ranked holistically for quality of writing by adult readers. The data were submitted to descriptive and parametric statistics that e…
Reading Recovery
Timothy Shanahan, Rebecca Barr, Reading Recovery: An Independent Evaluation of the Effects of an Early Instructional Intervention for At-Risk Learners, Reading Research Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct. - Nov. - Dec., 1995), pp. 958-996
Kitcher's Compromise
Literacy Research That Makes a Difference
Which studies have changed how we teach literacy? What are the fundamental characteristics of studies that make a difference? The authors offer a conversation on these topics, and propose a list of 13 studies that have influenced instructional practice. [This article is reprinted in Preparing Reading Professionals . www.reading.orgpublicationsbbvbooksbk564 ]
Reading and Writing Relations and Their Development
A brief retrospective is first provided on the study of reading and writing relations. Next, it is suggested that research has supported the theoretical contention that reading and writing rely on analogous mental processes and isomorphic knowledge. Four basic types of shared knowledge are delineated. Then, reasons are articulated about why it is also important to consider the separability of reading and writing. Further, over time, as reading an…
Methodological and contextual factors in the Dawkins/Gould dispute over evolutionary progress
Phonemic Awareness Instruction Helps Children Learn to Read
S A quantitative meta‐analysis evaluating the effects of phonemic awareness (PA) instruction on learning to read and spell was conducted by the National Reading Panel. There were 52 studies published in peer‐reviewed journals, and these contributed 96 cases comparing the outcomes of treatment and control groups. Analysis of effect sizes revealed that the impact of PA instruction on helping children acquire PA was large and statistically significa…
Teaching Disciplinary Literacy to Adolescents
advanced literacy instruction embedded within content-area classes such as math, science, and social studies — should be a focus of middle and secondary school settings. Moving beyond the oft-cited “every teacher a teacher of reading ” philosophy that has historically frustrated secondary content-area teachers, the Shanahans present data collected during the first two years of a study on disciplinary literacy that reveal how content experts and s…
Why don’t zebras have machine guns? Adaptation, selection, and constraints in evolutionary theory
The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism
GBS_insertPreviewButtonPopup('ISBN:9780748635306');Is terrorism ever morally justified? How should historical and cultural factors be taken into account in judging the morality of terrorist acts? What are the ethical limits of state counter-terrorism?For three decades the Provisional Irish Republican Army waged an 'armed struggle' against what it considered to be the British occupation of Northern Ireland. To its supporters, the IRA was the legit…
Betraying a certain corruption of mind
A common assumption underwriting much counterterrorism activity is that terrorism, by definition, is necessarily morally wrong. One aim of this paper is to challenge this assumption by defending a novel definition of ‘terrorism’ that makes the morality of terrorism a question to be answered by the application of moral theories to specific terrorist acts, rather than by definitional fiat. After surveying definitions of ‘terrorism’ current in the l…
Developing Early Literacy Skills
This rejoinder provides responses to the conceptual concerns expressed in the nine critiques published in this issue of Educational Researcher of the 2008 National Early Literacy Panel report. It explains the necessity of adhering to clearly established study selection parameters in conducting trustworthy meta-analyses and the need to be cautious in claims made on the basis of empirical evidence. The rejoinder summarizes the report’s extensive an…
The National Early Literacy Panel
This article summarizes Developing Early Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel, which was published in 2008. That report provides an extensive meta-analysis of approximately 300 studies showing which early literacy measures correlate with later literacy achievement. It also provides a series of meta-analyses of a comprehensive collection of experimental and quasi-experimental studies of ways of teaching early literacy (preschool a…
Analysis of Expert Readers in Three Disciplines
The purpose of this study is to describe educationally relevant differences in literacy use among three subject-matter disciplines—history, chemistry, and mathematics. These analyses were drawn from an investigation of the teaching of disciplinary literacy in high schools. The purpose of the overall project was to improve the literacy-teaching preparation in a secondary preservice teacher education program, but this study sought to identify speci…
Phylogenetic inertia and Darwin’s higher law
What Is Disciplinary Literacy and Why Does It Matter
Recently, it has been proposed that schools teach disciplinary literacy in science, mathematics, history, and literature classes as students move into middle school and high school. A disciplinary literacy approach emphasizes the specialized knowledge and abilities possessed by those who create, communicate, and use knowledge within each of the disciplines. This article compares disciplinary literacy with the more widely emphasized approach known…
Death
The replicants consider death to be the most important problem they face — even greater than their slavery in the Off-world colonies. Their dangerous and difficult quest to meet their creator makes no sense without this belief. Although there are many previous hints in the film, this fact is finally made explicit in the tense scene in which Roy Batty finally confronts Tyrell: What ... What seems to be the problem? Death. Death. Well, I’m afraid t…
The Implications of Disciplinary Literacy
During the past several years, middle schools and high schools have been shifting their attention to disciplinary literacy. The Common Core State Standards are explicit in requiring teachers to teach the literacy of science, literature, and history, and even states that are not part of Common Core (such as Texas) are making this shift as well. This e‐mail discussion between Cynthia and Timothy Shanahan explores the implications of disciplinary li…
Psychology (20 works) · Mathematics education (16 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Linguistics (15 works) · Pedagogy (14 works) · Reading and Literacy Development (13 works) · Philosophy (12 works) · Literacy (10 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Reading (process) (9 works)