Hart Blanton
Biographic Data
| ID | 133734 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hart Blanton |
| GIVEN NAMES | Hart |
| FAMILY NAME | Blanton |
| SIGNATURE | BLANTON H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Texas A&M University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2428-797X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 530 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 33 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
The Prototypes of Tobacco Users Scale (Potus) for Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use: Development and Validation
Endorsing prototypes of cigarette smokers predicts cigarette smoking, but less is known about prototypes of users of other tobacco products. Our study sought to establish the reliability and validity of a measure of prototypes of smokers and e-cigarette users. Participants were from a national survey of smokers and non-smokers ( n = 1414), a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of adult smokers ( n = 2149), and adolescent children of adults in the tri…
Elegant Science Narratives and Unintended Influences: An Agenda for the Science of Science Communication
Scientists must share their work with the public in order to promote science‐based public discourse and policies. These acts of science communication are often evaluated in terms of their ability to inform (i.e., introduce accurate and accessible information) and engage (i.e., capture interest and maintain attention). We focus on a third basis by which science communication might be judged, influence . Science communicators exert influence when t…
Measurement in Social Psychology
Although best known for experimental methods, social psychology also has a strong tradition of measurement. This volume seeks to highlight this tradition by introducing readers to measurement strategies that help drive social psychological research and theory development. The books opens with an analysis of the measurement technique that dominates most of the social sciences, self-report. Chapter 1 presents a conceptual framework for interpreting…
Using the IAT to predict ethnic and racial discrimination: Small effect sizes of unknown societal significance
Greenwald, Banaji, and Nosek (2015) present a reanalysis of the meta-analysis by Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, and Tetlock (2013) that examined the effect sizes of Implicit Association Tests (IATs) designed to predict racial and ethnic discrimination. We discuss points of agreement and disagreement with respect to methods used to synthesize the IAT studies, and we correct an error by Greenwald et al. that obscures a key contribution of our …
Being Much Better and No Worse than Others: Deviance Regulation, Self-Guides, and the Motive to be Distinct
Five studies examined whether the concern for self-other distinction is moderated by self-guide activation, with the predictions based on deviance regulation theory that distinctiveness striving is amplified by activation of ideal self-guides and diminished by activation of ought self-guides. In Study 1, trait differences in self-guides predicted trait differences in self-reported distinctiveness motives. In Studies 2–5, state activation of ought…
Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies
Partisan Identification as a Predictor of Cortisol Response to Election News
Partisan effects on media consumption have been widely documented, with considerable attention given to partisan influences on selective exposure. Although researchers have debated the degree to which selective exposure drives media consumption in general and partisan consumption of the news in particular, one of the hypothesized mechanisms linked to this phenomenon seems inherently plausible: Exposure to disliked news coverage can generate psych…
Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward
Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people's global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover implicit self-esteem. In this article, we evaluate the construct validity of the 2 most common measures of implicit self-esteem, the Implicit Association…
Stigmatized and Dominant Cultural Groups Differentially Interpret Positive Feedback
Members of stigmatized cultural groups may view positive feedback from a dominant group member more negatively than do dominant cultural group members. In this experiment, a White evaluator praised or did not praise either Black or White students for a good academic performance. The students then indicated their perceptions of the evaluator's politeness and performance expectations and their feelings about their performance. Praised Black student…
Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT.
The authors reanalyzed data from 2 influential studies-A. R. McConnell and J. M. Leibold and J. C. Ziegert and P. J. Hanges-that explore links between implicit bias and discriminatory behavior and that have been invoked to support strong claims about the predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test. In both of these studies, the inclusion of race Implicit Association Test scores in regression models reduced prediction errors by only tiny …
The Positive (and Negative) Consequences of Endorsing Negative Self-stereotypes
The impact of negative stereotypes can be harmful and, as a result, stereotype targets are often motivated to deny their accuracy. However, at times, targets of even the most unflattering stereotypes embrace them as valid. We identify the underlying reasons why people might embrace negative self-stereotypes and also examine the various outcomes that result from these reasons. Our discussion highlights the fact that although these outcomes are oft…
Unconscious and spontaneous and…Complex: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast
Several theoretical perspectives predict that social comparisons lead to simple, default-driven effects when triggered outside of conscious awareness. These theoretical perspectives differ, however, in the default effects they predict. Some theories argue for self-evaluative contrast, whereas others argue for self-evaluative assimilation. The current studies tested the prediction that the default effect would vary as a function of the social cont…
Unconscious Racism: A Concept in Pursuit of a Measure
It is common in scientific and popular discussions to claim that unconscious racism is both prevalent and potent in modern societies. We review the theoretical models that posit different forms of unconscious racism and evaluate the empirical evidence for them. Our analysis suggests that people may sometimes lack knowledge of and control over the causes and consequences of their racial biases. However, there is little evidence to support the more…
Endorsing a negative in-group stereotype as a self-protective strategy: Sacrificing the group to save the self
A Decision Theoretic and Prototype Conceptualization of Possible Selves: Implications for the Prediction of Risk Behavior
The present study explores a new framework for conceptualizing possible selves for the prediction of behavior. The framework uses decision theory, attitude theory, and classic expectancy‐value models. The focus is on using possible‐self constructs that (a) correspond to behavioral alternatives, (b) focus on self dimensions directly tied to the behavioral criterion, and (c) use expectancy‐value constructs to assess the core features of a given pos…
Plausible assumptions, questionable assumptions and post hoc rationalizations: Will the real IAT, please stand up
Arbitrary metrics in psychology
Many psychological tests have arbitrary metrics but are appropriate for testing psychological theories. Metric arbitrariness is a concern, however, when researchers wish to draw inferences about the true, absolute standing of a group or individual on the latent psychological dimension being measured. The authors illustrate this in the context of 2 case studies in which psychologists need to develop inventories with nonarbitrary metrics. One examp…
Arbitrary metrics redux
Reducing the arbitrariness of a metric is distinct from the pursuit of validity, rational zero points, data transformations, standardization, and the types of statistical procedures one uses to analyze interval-level versus ordinal-level data. A variety of theoretical, methodological, and statistical tools can assist researchers who wish to make their metrics less arbitrary. These approaches can be combined with perspectives from classic test the…
Issue Involvement and Low- Versus High-Power Style as Related to Attitude Change in Sex-Role Egalitarianism
In a pretest-posttest design, subscribers to women’s magazines were mailed a high- versus low-power message arguing a radical feminist view. Uninvolved women changed their opinions more after the high-power-style message, and involved women more after the low-power-style message
Peer Influences on Risk Behavior: An Analysis of the Effects of a Close Friend
Cross-sectional research suggests that peer influence has a moderate to strong impact on adolescent risk behavior. Such estimates may be inflated owing to third-variable confounds representing either friendship selection effects or the operation of parallel events. Approximately 1,700 peer dyads in Grades 7 to 11 were studied over a 1-year period to estimate the influence of closest friends on sexual activity and binge drinking. Analyses suggeste…
Decoding the implicit association test: Implications for criterion prediction
When Am I My Group? Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Justification Accounts of Perceived Prototypicality
From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations
The authors hypothesize that social comparisons can have automatic influences on self-perceptions. This was tested by determining whether subliminal exposure to comparison information influences implicit and explicit self-evaluation. Study 1 showed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information increased the accessibility of the self. Study 2 revealed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information resulted in a contrast effe…
The effects of message framing on behavioral prevalence assumptions
Based on attribution theory and the logic of conversational norms, we predicted that image‐based health communications can alter prevalence estimates for health behaviors. In two studies, participants were exposed either to a positively‐framed or negatively‐framed communication advocating for specific health behaviors. As predicted, participants who read a health communication rated healthy behaviors as less common when positive attributes were a…
The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Double-Minority Status on the Test Performance of Latino Women
This study investigated the interactive influences of diagnosticity instructions, gender, and ethnicity as they related to task performance. In a laboratory experiment of 120 male and female, Latino and White college students, both a gender-based and an ethnicity-based stereotype-threat effect were found to influence performance on a test of mathematical and spatial ability. Closer inspection revealed that the gender effect was qualified by ethni…
Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies
Arbitrary metrics in psychology
Many psychological tests have arbitrary metrics but are appropriate for testing psychological theories. Metric arbitrariness is a concern, however, when researchers wish to draw inferences about the true, absolute standing of a group or individual on the latent psychological dimension being measured. The authors illustrate this in the context of 2 case studies in which psychologists need to develop inventories with nonarbitrary metrics. One examp…
Peer Influences on Risk Behavior: An Analysis of the Effects of a Close Friend
Cross-sectional research suggests that peer influence has a moderate to strong impact on adolescent risk behavior. Such estimates may be inflated owing to third-variable confounds representing either friendship selection effects or the operation of parallel events. Approximately 1,700 peer dyads in Grades 7 to 11 were studied over a 1-year period to estimate the influence of closest friends on sexual activity and binge drinking. Analyses suggeste…
Decoding the implicit association test: Implications for criterion prediction
The Effects of In-Group versus Out-Group Social Comparison on Self-Esteem in the Context of a Negative Stereotype
Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk
Unconscious Racism: A Concept in Pursuit of a Measure
It is common in scientific and popular discussions to claim that unconscious racism is both prevalent and potent in modern societies. We review the theoretical models that posit different forms of unconscious racism and evaluate the empirical evidence for them. Our analysis suggests that people may sometimes lack knowledge of and control over the causes and consequences of their racial biases. However, there is little evidence to support the more…
From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations
The authors hypothesize that social comparisons can have automatic influences on self-perceptions. This was tested by determining whether subliminal exposure to comparison information influences implicit and explicit self-evaluation. Study 1 showed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information increased the accessibility of the self. Study 2 revealed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information resulted in a contrast effe…
Social Identity versus Reference Frame Comparisons: The Moderating Role of Stereotype Endorsement
When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance
Social comparison theory has linked improved performance to both the tendency to compare with others who are performing well and the tendency to view the self as better than others. However, little research has investigated the effects of either variable outside of a controlled laboratory environment, Moreover, there is reason to believe that the 2 tendencies would be in opposition to one another, because people who compare upward might subsequen…
Using the IAT to predict ethnic and racial discrimination: Small effect sizes of unknown societal significance
Greenwald, Banaji, and Nosek (2015) present a reanalysis of the meta-analysis by Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, and Tetlock (2013) that examined the effect sizes of Implicit Association Tests (IATs) designed to predict racial and ethnic discrimination. We discuss points of agreement and disagreement with respect to methods used to synthesize the IAT studies, and we correct an error by Greenwald et al. that obscures a key contribution of our …
Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward
Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people's global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover implicit self-esteem. In this article, we evaluate the construct validity of the 2 most common measures of implicit self-esteem, the Implicit Association…
From dissonance to disidentification: Selectivity in the self-affirmation process
All in-text\treferences\tunderlined\tin\tblue\tare\tlinked\tto\tpublications\ton\tResearchGate, letting you\taccess\tand\tread\tthem\timmediately
Plausible assumptions, questionable assumptions and post hoc rationalizations: Will the real IAT, please stand up
Partisan Identification as a Predictor of Cortisol Response to Election News
Partisan effects on media consumption have been widely documented, with considerable attention given to partisan influences on selective exposure. Although researchers have debated the degree to which selective exposure drives media consumption in general and partisan consumption of the news in particular, one of the hypothesized mechanisms linked to this phenomenon seems inherently plausible: Exposure to disliked news coverage can generate psych…
Endorsing a negative in-group stereotype as a self-protective strategy: Sacrificing the group to save the self
Contexts of System Justification and System Evaluation: Exploring the Social Comparison Strategies of the (Not Yet) Contented Female Worker
Those who are historic targets of discrimination seem surprisingly likely to accept their situation, a phenomenon Jost and Banaji (1994) call system justification. One assumption in system justification theory, however, is that the need to justify builds over time as individuals develop an investment in the system they have implicitly helped to perpetuate. This possibility was tested as it relates to social comparison of pay. An experimental stud…
Overconfidence as Dissonance Reduction
Elegant Science Narratives and Unintended Influences: An Agenda for the Science of Science Communication
Scientists must share their work with the public in order to promote science‐based public discourse and policies. These acts of science communication are often evaluated in terms of their ability to inform (i.e., introduce accurate and accessible information) and engage (i.e., capture interest and maintain attention). We focus on a third basis by which science communication might be judged, influence . Science communicators exert influence when t…
Arbitrary metrics redux
Reducing the arbitrariness of a metric is distinct from the pursuit of validity, rational zero points, data transformations, standardization, and the types of statistical procedures one uses to analyze interval-level versus ordinal-level data. A variety of theoretical, methodological, and statistical tools can assist researchers who wish to make their metrics less arbitrary. These approaches can be combined with perspectives from classic test the…
Stigmatized and Dominant Cultural Groups Differentially Interpret Positive Feedback
Members of stigmatized cultural groups may view positive feedback from a dominant group member more negatively than do dominant cultural group members. In this experiment, a White evaluator praised or did not praise either Black or White students for a good academic performance. The students then indicated their perceptions of the evaluator's politeness and performance expectations and their feelings about their performance. Praised Black student…
Comparison-level preferences after performance: Is downward comparison theory still useful
Although often credited with prompting a paradigm shift in social comparison theory, T. A. Wills's (1981) downward comparison (DC) theory has received some criticism recently. In particular, several recent studies have failed to find support for T. A. Wills's (1981) contention that threat and accompanying negative affect lead to a desire for DC. These apparent failures have led some investigators to question basic principles of the theory. To res…
From dissonance to disidentification: Selectivity in the self-affirmation process
All in-text\treferences\tunderlined\tin\tblue\tare\tlinked\tto\tpublications\ton\tResearchGate, letting you\taccess\tand\tread\tthem\timmediately
Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk
When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance
Social comparison theory has linked improved performance to both the tendency to compare with others who are performing well and the tendency to view the self as better than others. However, little research has investigated the effects of either variable outside of a controlled laboratory environment, Moreover, there is reason to believe that the 2 tendencies would be in opposition to one another, because people who compare upward might subsequen…
The Effects of In-Group versus Out-Group Social Comparison on Self-Esteem in the Context of a Negative Stereotype
Contexts of System Justification and System Evaluation: Exploring the Social Comparison Strategies of the (Not Yet) Contented Female Worker
Those who are historic targets of discrimination seem surprisingly likely to accept their situation, a phenomenon Jost and Banaji (1994) call system justification. One assumption in system justification theory, however, is that the need to justify builds over time as individuals develop an investment in the system they have implicitly helped to perpetuate. This possibility was tested as it relates to social comparison of pay. An experimental stud…
Overconfidence as Dissonance Reduction
The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Double-Minority Status on the Test Performance of Latino Women
This study investigated the interactive influences of diagnosticity instructions, gender, and ethnicity as they related to task performance. In a laboratory experiment of 120 male and female, Latino and White college students, both a gender-based and an ethnicity-based stereotype-threat effect were found to influence performance on a test of mathematical and spatial ability. Closer inspection revealed that the gender effect was qualified by ethni…
Social Identity versus Reference Frame Comparisons: The Moderating Role of Stereotype Endorsement
Comparison-level preferences after performance: Is downward comparison theory still useful
Although often credited with prompting a paradigm shift in social comparison theory, T. A. Wills's (1981) downward comparison (DC) theory has received some criticism recently. In particular, several recent studies have failed to find support for T. A. Wills's (1981) contention that threat and accompanying negative affect lead to a desire for DC. These apparent failures have led some investigators to question basic principles of the theory. To res…
The effects of message framing on behavioral prevalence assumptions
Based on attribution theory and the logic of conversational norms, we predicted that image‐based health communications can alter prevalence estimates for health behaviors. In two studies, participants were exposed either to a positively‐framed or negatively‐framed communication advocating for specific health behaviors. As predicted, participants who read a health communication rated healthy behaviors as less common when positive attributes were a…
From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations
The authors hypothesize that social comparisons can have automatic influences on self-perceptions. This was tested by determining whether subliminal exposure to comparison information influences implicit and explicit self-evaluation. Study 1 showed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information increased the accessibility of the self. Study 2 revealed that subliminal exposure to social comparison information resulted in a contrast effe…
Issue Involvement and Low- Versus High-Power Style as Related to Attitude Change in Sex-Role Egalitarianism
In a pretest-posttest design, subscribers to women’s magazines were mailed a high- versus low-power message arguing a radical feminist view. Uninvolved women changed their opinions more after the high-power-style message, and involved women more after the low-power-style message
Peer Influences on Risk Behavior: An Analysis of the Effects of a Close Friend
Cross-sectional research suggests that peer influence has a moderate to strong impact on adolescent risk behavior. Such estimates may be inflated owing to third-variable confounds representing either friendship selection effects or the operation of parallel events. Approximately 1,700 peer dyads in Grades 7 to 11 were studied over a 1-year period to estimate the influence of closest friends on sexual activity and binge drinking. Analyses suggeste…
Decoding the implicit association test: Implications for criterion prediction
When Am I My Group? Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Justification Accounts of Perceived Prototypicality
A Decision Theoretic and Prototype Conceptualization of Possible Selves: Implications for the Prediction of Risk Behavior
The present study explores a new framework for conceptualizing possible selves for the prediction of behavior. The framework uses decision theory, attitude theory, and classic expectancy‐value models. The focus is on using possible‐self constructs that (a) correspond to behavioral alternatives, (b) focus on self dimensions directly tied to the behavioral criterion, and (c) use expectancy‐value constructs to assess the core features of a given pos…
Plausible assumptions, questionable assumptions and post hoc rationalizations: Will the real IAT, please stand up
Arbitrary metrics in psychology
Many psychological tests have arbitrary metrics but are appropriate for testing psychological theories. Metric arbitrariness is a concern, however, when researchers wish to draw inferences about the true, absolute standing of a group or individual on the latent psychological dimension being measured. The authors illustrate this in the context of 2 case studies in which psychologists need to develop inventories with nonarbitrary metrics. One examp…
Arbitrary metrics redux
Reducing the arbitrariness of a metric is distinct from the pursuit of validity, rational zero points, data transformations, standardization, and the types of statistical procedures one uses to analyze interval-level versus ordinal-level data. A variety of theoretical, methodological, and statistical tools can assist researchers who wish to make their metrics less arbitrary. These approaches can be combined with perspectives from classic test the…
Endorsing a negative in-group stereotype as a self-protective strategy: Sacrificing the group to save the self
Unconscious and spontaneous and…Complex: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast
Several theoretical perspectives predict that social comparisons lead to simple, default-driven effects when triggered outside of conscious awareness. These theoretical perspectives differ, however, in the default effects they predict. Some theories argue for self-evaluative contrast, whereas others argue for self-evaluative assimilation. The current studies tested the prediction that the default effect would vary as a function of the social cont…
Unconscious Racism: A Concept in Pursuit of a Measure
It is common in scientific and popular discussions to claim that unconscious racism is both prevalent and potent in modern societies. We review the theoretical models that posit different forms of unconscious racism and evaluate the empirical evidence for them. Our analysis suggests that people may sometimes lack knowledge of and control over the causes and consequences of their racial biases. However, there is little evidence to support the more…
Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT.
The authors reanalyzed data from 2 influential studies-A. R. McConnell and J. M. Leibold and J. C. Ziegert and P. J. Hanges-that explore links between implicit bias and discriminatory behavior and that have been invoked to support strong claims about the predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test. In both of these studies, the inclusion of race Implicit Association Test scores in regression models reduced prediction errors by only tiny …
The Positive (and Negative) Consequences of Endorsing Negative Self-stereotypes
The impact of negative stereotypes can be harmful and, as a result, stereotype targets are often motivated to deny their accuracy. However, at times, targets of even the most unflattering stereotypes embrace them as valid. We identify the underlying reasons why people might embrace negative self-stereotypes and also examine the various outcomes that result from these reasons. Our discussion highlights the fact that although these outcomes are oft…
Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward
Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people's global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover implicit self-esteem. In this article, we evaluate the construct validity of the 2 most common measures of implicit self-esteem, the Implicit Association…
Psychology (30 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (25 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (18 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (13 works) · Cognitive psychology (11 works) · Developmental psychology (10 works) · Computer Science (5 works) · Implicit-association test (5 works)