Implicit self-esteem
Nature, measurement, and a new way forward
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6206428 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Michael D Buhrmester (0000-0002-9892-3334, The University of Texas at Austin), Hart Blanton (0000-0002-2428-797X, University of Connecticut), William B Swann (0000-0002-8698-2994) |
| Year | 2011 |
| Volume | 100 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 365-385 |
| Publication date | 2011-02-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/a0021341 |
| PMID | 21038971 |
| OpenAlex | W2076082709 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 66 |
| References cited | 77 |
Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people's global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover implicit self-esteem. In this article, we evaluate the construct validity of the 2 most common measures of implicit self-esteem, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Name-Letter Test (NLT). Our review indicates that the research literature has not provided strong or consistent support for the validity of either measure. We conclude that both tests are impoverished measures of self-esteem that are better understood as measures of either generalized implicit affect (IAT) or implicit egotism (NLT). However, we suggest that there surely are aspects of self-esteem that people are unwilling or unable to report and suggest a general approach that may allow researchers to tap these unspoken aspects of self-esteem
Affect (linguistics) · Association (psychology) · Cognitive psychology · Construct (python library) · Construct validity · Developmental psychology · Implicit attitude · Implicit-association test · Psychometrics · Psychotherapist · Self-esteem · Test (biology) · Cultural Differences and Values · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
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Are narcissists hardy or vulnerable? The role of narcissism in the production of stress-related biomarkers in response to emotional distress
Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression
The influence of explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and the discrepancies between them on advice taking
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes
Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later
Neural activity in the reward-related brain regions predicts implicit self-esteem
State-trait decomposition of Name Letter Test scores and relationships with global self-esteem
The dual lens model
Self-esteem development across the life span
Test–retest reliability and predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in children
A Cross-sectional Study of Antecedents and Consequence of Panic Buying Behavior
Self-Esteem
Identity-based consumer behavior
The Narcissism Spectrum Model
Resilience in the Context of Chronic Stress and Health in Adults
Stability of Implicit Self-Esteem Among Internet-addicted College Students in China
Failure-Related State Orientation and Self-Esteem Change in Inpatient Addiction Treatment for Illicit Drug Addiction
Ecological recognition of self-esteem leveraged by video-based gait
Visuospatial perspective shifting and relational self-association in dispositional shame and guilt
Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia
Invalid Claims About the Validity of Implicit Association Tests by Prisoners of the Implicit Social-Cognition Paradigm
Resilient negotiators
Meta-Analytic Use of Balanced Identity Theory to Validate the Implicit Association Test
Beyond an Associative Conception of Automatic Self-Evaluations
Implicit Measures of Agentic Narcissism and Their Relationships with Self-Enhancement
Increasing the Flexibility of Implicit Personality Assessment
An EMG-based approach toward the assessment of implicit self-esteem
Relationships between self-esteem-related dream content and explicit and implicit measures of self-esteem
The Development of Implicit Self-Esteem During Emerging Adulthood
When a Negative Experience Sticks With You
Emotional talk about robotic technologies on Reddit
Intoxicated prejudice
Implicit self‐esteem following a romantic partner's success
What do people really think about grief counseling? Examining community attitudes
Are shame and self-esteem risk factors in prolonged grief after death of a spouse
Fixated on rejection
Individual differences in self-affirmation
Drinking to belong
Implicit Attitudes Toward the Self Over Time
Sleep quality and the self
More Complex than Previously Thought
When Tex and Tess Carpenter Build Houses in Texas
Unmasking Narcissus
How implicit self-esteem influences perceptions of self-esteem at zero and non-zero acquaintance
Are Implicit Self‐Esteem Measures Valid for Assessing Individual and Cultural Differences
No elephant in the room
Explicit thoughts of security activate implicit self‐doubt in anxiously attached participants
The relationship between explicit self-esteem and subjective well-being
Prioritization of self-associated voices is enhanced by positive prosodic valence
What’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem
Impact of dark patterns on consumers’ perceived fairness and attitude
Collective narcissism and explicit and implicit collective self-esteem revisited
Reciprocal Relationships between Bullying Victimization and Prosocial Behavior and the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem among Chinese Boys and Girls
Owning leads to valuing
Implicit self and the right hemisphere
Unraveling respect in organization studies
Defensive self-esteem impacts attention, attitude strength, and self-affirmation processes
Regulating connection
Can't buy me friendship? Peer rejection and adolescent materialism
Implicit measures for preschool children confirm self-esteem's role in maintaining a balanced identity
Impact of ownership on liking and value
Self‐Worth and Politics
Responsibility attribution in gender-based domestic violence
The Bittersweetness of Self-Representations
Measures of social psychological attitudes
Handbook of Social Psychology
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning
In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement
Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance
Reciprocal Effects of Self-Concept and Performance From a Multidimensional Perspective
Untangling the Links between Narcissism and Self‐esteem
Apparent Universality of Positive Implicit Self-Esteem
Implicit Self-Esteem in Japan
Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?
Self-Concept
Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research
Implicit social cognition
Self-Perception Theory
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation
Measurement and Control of Response Bias
The Self as a Container
The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task
Implicit Attitude Measures
Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Self‐Esteem
A procedural note on the measurement of broad dispositions
Secure Versus Fragile High Self‐Esteem as a Predictor of Verbal Defensiveness
Loving, Hating, Vacillating
A Review of Adult Attachment Measures
Children and social groups
Attitude Accessibility as a Moderator of Implicit and Explicit Self-esteem Correspondence
Narcissistic Fragility
Towards Optimizing the Name Letter Test as a Measure of Implicit Self-esteem
Self-Enhancement Tendencies Among People With High Explicit Self-Esteem
Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem
Rotten to the core
Implicit Self-Attitudes Predict Spontaneous Affect in Daily Life
Cognitive mechanisms underlying implicit negative self concept in dysphoria
Implicit measures
What is implicit about implicit self-esteem
Implicit self-concept and moral action
Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being
Affective consequences of mere ownership
Jealousy and the threatened self
Intuition and the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem
The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition
Non-conscious forms of system justification
Self-esteem depends on the beholder
Two Roads to Positive Regard
How much do you like your name?” An implicit measure of global self-esteem
Changing explicit and implicit attitudes
What lies beneath
A diary study of implicit self-esteem, interpersonal interactions and alcohol consumption in college students
Name Letter Preferences Are Not Merely Mere Exposure
Fluctuations in state implicit self-esteem in response to daily negative events
Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life
Arbitrary metrics in psychology
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test
A Theory of Social Comparison Processes
Human Nature and the Social Order
Secure and Defensive High Self-Esteem
Desirable responding triggered by affect
Global self-esteem
Mental habits
Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality
Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts
Defensive Zeal and the Uncertain Self
Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem
Implicit self-esteem compensation
I Like Myself but I Don't Know Why
Why Susie sells seashells by the seashore
From Seeing to Being
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Js
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem
From self-conceptions to self-worth
Terror management theory and self-esteem revisited
The cognitive–affective crossfire
Construct validity in psychological tests
Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation
Mind, Self, and Society
Unconscious Racism
| Unique citing works | 66 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,4 |
| Citation span | 2011 - 2026 (16) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 54 |