Amélie Mummendey
Biographic Data
| ID | 150727 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Amélie Mummendey |
| GIVEN NAMES | Amélie |
| FAMILY NAME | Mummendey |
| SIGNATURE | MUMMENDEY A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Friedrich Schiller University Jena |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 825 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1982 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
What did they say? How subgroup stereotypes influence memory for superordinate groups
The relationship between acculturation preferences and prejudice: Longitudinal evidence from majority and minority groups in three European countries
A longitudinal field survey tested the reciprocal effects of acculturation preferences and prejudice among ethnic minorities and majorities. Data were collected at two points in time from 512 members of ethnic minorities and 1143 majority members in Germany, Belgium and England. Path analyses yielded not only the lagged effects of prejudice on acculturation preferences but also the reverse for both majority and minority members. The mutual longit…
When status differences are illegitimate, groups' needs diverge: Testing the needs‐based model of reconciliation in contexts of status inequality
The present paper extends the needs‐based model of reconciliation to contexts marked by status inequalities rather than by overt intergroup aggression. Specifically, we investigated whether and when members of high‐status versus low‐status groups experience divergent socio‐emotional needs vis‐à‐vis members of the respective other status group. Building on research informed by social identity theory, we hypothesized that the groups' different posi…
When different means bad or merely worse. How minimal and maximal goals affect ingroup projection and outgroup attitudes
Group members tend to perceive their ingroup relative to an outgroup as more prototypical for a common superordinate group because they project features of their ingroup onto the superordinate group. As a consequence, the ingroup is perceived as more positive than the outgroup (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999). We extend the ingroup projection model by examining different types of ingroup goals: minimal and maximal goals as well as actual and ideal goal…
Vicarious intergroup contact effects: Applying social-cognitive theory to intergroup contact research
This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of succes…
Blinded by the accent! The minor role of looks in ethnic categorization
The categories that social targets belong to are often activated automatically. Most studies investigating social categorization have used visual stimuli or verbal labels, whereas ethnolinguistic identity theory posits that language is an essential dimension of ethnic identity. Language should therefore be used for social categorization. In 2 experiments, using the "Who Said What?" paradigm, the authors investigated social categorization by using…
When it matters how you pronounce it: The influence of regional accents on job interview outcome
The visual dimension has featured prominently in person perception in the last 25 years. Alone, this dimension cannot give the complete 'picture' of others because language and speech (i.e., the auditory dimension) are also highly informative. Social-cognition research investigates the role of auditory information for impression formation. In a series of experiments, we tested perceived competence, hirability, and socio-intellectual status of dif…
We all live in Germany but … Ingroup projection, group‐based emotions and prejudice against immigrants
Immigration, cultural diversity and integration are among the most central challenges for modern societies. Integration is often impeded by negative emotions and prejudices held by the majority members towards immigrants in a common society. Based on the ingroup projection model (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999), we examined the impact of perceived relative ingroup prototypicality on intergroup emotions and prejudice. Additionally, we examined whether t…
We are still better than them: A longitudinal field study of ingroup favouritism during a merger
The authors examine the impact of predictors for ingroup favouritism and a positive attitude towards a university merger by conducting a longitudinal field study investigating students' perceptions of a merger. Thus, the focus of this paper lies on the developmental and dynamic aspect of social identity processes and the test of directional hypotheses in an applied setting. Based on a cross‐lagged regression approach, it was shown that pre‐merger…
Sozialpsychologische Determinanten –Gruppenzugehörigkeit und soziale Kategorisierung
In Politik und Medien sind Themen der sozialen Diskriminierung und Toleranz häufig vertreten. Das Interesse an diesen Themen wird insbesondere angeregt durch abstoßende Vorfälle – von Pöbeleien bis hin zu physischen Angriffen – gegenüber Personen, die ihrem Aussehen oder Auftreten nach Fremde sind. Es können aber auch Personen sein, die – wie beispielsweise Behinderte oder Obdachlose – in anderer Hinsicht abweichen und das „Bild stören“, das man …
For better or for worse: The congruence of personal and group outcomes on targets' responses to discrimination
This paper reports two studies examining how (in‐) congruence between personal and group outcomes affects emotional well‐being, outcome attributions and procedural justice perceptions of individuals who are exposed to subtle discrimination. In Study 1 (N = 82) participants are either accepted or rejected in a (bogus) job application procedure, and either do or do not receive additional information indicating group‐level disadvantage. In Study 2 (…
Minimal and maximal goal orientation and reactions to norm violations
Violations of social norms can either be evaluated in an absolute or in a gradual fashion depending on whether group goals are represented as minimal or maximal goals. Recent research has shown that absolute versus gradual deviations lead to increased levels of demanded punishment and inclination to exclude the deviant from the respective moral community. In this article, we investigate whether individual differences in orientation towards settin…
Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries
A widely researched panacea for reducing intergroup prejudice is the contact hypothesis. However, few longitudinal studies can shed light on the direction of causal processes: from contact to prejudice reduction (contact effects) or from prejudice to contact reduction (prejudice effects). The authors conducted a longitudinal field survey in Germany, Belgium, and England with school students. The sample comprised members of both ethnic minorities …
United we win, divided we fail? Effects of cognitive merger representations and performance feedback on merging groups
Research has shown that cognitive representations of mergers influence intergroup evaluations. This paper extends this research by studying how cognitive representations of mergers (one group, dual identity, and two groups) interact with performance feedback (success and failure) to affect intergroup evaluations. Two competing hypotheses were tested, which made different predictions in case of superordinate group salience combined with subgroup s…
Predictors of change in postmerger identification during a merger process: A longitudinal study
Adopting an intergroup perspective, the authors examined predictors of change in postmerger identification throughout a merger. Data were collected over 3 points of measurement from 157 students of a newly merged university. The 1st questionnaire was distributed 4 months after the implementation of the merger; the following 2 were distributed 6 months and 1 year thereafter. With its longitudinal design, this study replicates and extends past resu…
Vorurteile und Beziehungen zwischen sozialen Gruppen
Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model
This chapter summarises results from a research programme on the psychological basis of tolerance and discrimination in intergroup relations, with particular consideration of the role of superordinate identities. According to the ingroup projection model, a relevant superordinate group provides dimensions and norms for comparisons between ingroup and outgroup. Groups gain positive value or status when they are considered prototypical for the (pos…
Of bikers, teachers and Germans: Groups' diverging views about their prototypicality
The in‐group projection model hypothesizes that members of social groups generalize attributes of their in‐group to a superordinate category that provides dimensions for comparisons between in‐group and out‐group (in‐group projection). As a result, both groups in an intergroup situation should disagree about their relative prototypicality for the superordinate category. Three studies confirmed this prediction. In Study 1 (N = 54), it was found th…
When “different” means “worse”: In-group prototypicality in changing intergroup contexts
The Ingroup as Pars Pro Toto: Projection From the Ingroup Onto the Inclusive Category as a Precursor to Social Discrimination
In an approach to intergroup discrimination and tolerance, it is assumed that the outgroup’s difference from the ingroup is evaluated with reference to the prototype of the higher-order category that includes both groups. Two correlational studies yielded evidence that (a) group members tend to perceive their ingroup as relatively prototypical for the inclusive category (projection), (b) members highly identified with both ingroup and inclusive c…
Inclusion in a superordinate category, in-group prototypicality, and attitudes towards out-groups
Less negative=more positive? Social discrimination as avoidance or approach
Towards tolerance: Representations of superordinate categories and perceived ingroup prototypicality
Social discrimination and aggression: A matter of perspective-specific divergence?
Perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences: Its prediction by relative ingroup prototypicality
Research demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences has profound effects on intergroup attitudes, emotions and behavior. However, there has only been little intergroup research that predicts the perception of legitimacy. We hypothesize that the perception of legitimate or illegitime status relations depends upon the perceived relative prototypicality of the ingroup for the inclusive category. Since the prototype o…
Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries
A widely researched panacea for reducing intergroup prejudice is the contact hypothesis. However, few longitudinal studies can shed light on the direction of causal processes: from contact to prejudice reduction (contact effects) or from prejudice to contact reduction (prejudice effects). The authors conducted a longitudinal field survey in Germany, Belgium, and England with school students. The sample comprised members of both ethnic minorities …
Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory
Towards tolerance: Representations of superordinate categories and perceived ingroup prototypicality
Vicarious intergroup contact effects: Applying social-cognitive theory to intergroup contact research
This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of succes…
Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation
Blinded by the accent! The minor role of looks in ethnic categorization
The categories that social targets belong to are often activated automatically. Most studies investigating social categorization have used visual stimuli or verbal labels, whereas ethnolinguistic identity theory posits that language is an essential dimension of ethnic identity. Language should therefore be used for social categorization. In 2 experiments, using the "Who Said What?" paradigm, the authors investigated social categorization by using…
When “different” means “worse”: In-group prototypicality in changing intergroup contexts
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self
In 4 studies, the authors examined antecedents of self-definition as either a unique individual (the individual self) or an interchangeable group member (the collective self). Accentuation of perceived similarities versus differences among in-group members including the self served as the main indicator of participants' relative emphasis on their individual or collective self. Following prior work in the social identity and self-categorization th…
Less negative=more positive? Social discrimination as avoidance or approach
Perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences: Its prediction by relative ingroup prototypicality
Research demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences has profound effects on intergroup attitudes, emotions and behavior. However, there has only been little intergroup research that predicts the perception of legitimacy. We hypothesize that the perception of legitimate or illegitime status relations depends upon the perceived relative prototypicality of the ingroup for the inclusive category. Since the prototype o…
Inclusion in a superordinate category, in-group prototypicality, and attitudes towards out-groups
Sequential or parallel processes? A longitudinal field study concerning determinants of identity-management strategies
Using a longitudinal field design, this study tested the dynamics of an integrative model of social identity theory (SIT) and relative deprivation theory (RDT) with regard to relations between perceived socio-structural characteristics, perceived in-group identification, perceived fraternal deprivation (i.e., resentment) and identity-management-strategy preference. Trait-state analyses revealed that the dynamic relationship among constructs in th…
Is there any scapegoat around? Determinants of intergroup conflicts at different categorization levels
Recategorization at a higher level reduces tensions between groups. However, recategorization may cause conflicts between the common in-group and a new out-group. Additionally, determinants of conflict between subgroups may enhance conflict at the higher categorization level. In the context of German unification, the authors explored these suggestions with an East German 3-wave longitudinal study and a West German control group. Results show that…
When it matters how you pronounce it: The influence of regional accents on job interview outcome
The visual dimension has featured prominently in person perception in the last 25 years. Alone, this dimension cannot give the complete 'picture' of others because language and speech (i.e., the auditory dimension) are also highly informative. Social-cognition research investigates the role of auditory information for impression formation. In a series of experiments, we tested perceived competence, hirability, and socio-intellectual status of dif…
Social comparison, similarity and ingroup favouritism‐A replication
Studied the effects of different kinds of similarity between social groups on ingroup favouritism using a modified replication of an experiment by Turner (1978). Instead of replicating the results of Turner, the data showed just the opposite. They are discussed within the framework of social identity theory
The relationship between acculturation preferences and prejudice: Longitudinal evidence from majority and minority groups in three European countries
A longitudinal field survey tested the reciprocal effects of acculturation preferences and prejudice among ethnic minorities and majorities. Data were collected at two points in time from 512 members of ethnic minorities and 1143 majority members in Germany, Belgium and England. Path analyses yielded not only the lagged effects of prejudice on acculturation preferences but also the reverse for both majority and minority members. The mutual longit…
Predictors of change in postmerger identification during a merger process: A longitudinal study
Adopting an intergroup perspective, the authors examined predictors of change in postmerger identification throughout a merger. Data were collected over 3 points of measurement from 157 students of a newly merged university. The 1st questionnaire was distributed 4 months after the implementation of the merger; the following 2 were distributed 6 months and 1 year thereafter. With its longitudinal design, this study replicates and extends past resu…
Positive distinctiveness and social discrimination: An old couple living in divorce
The paper highlights the relation between positive distinctiveness and social discrimination as key concepts in Social Identity Theory. The often replicated finding of mere categorization leading to ingroup favouritism and outgroup discrimination plays a major role in supporting the view that discrimination is functional for a positive social identity. The paper confronts the mere categorization effect with recent findings which throw severe doub…
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same
On the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingr…
The personal–group discrepancy: Is there a common information basis for personal and group judgment
Actor or victim of aggression: Divergent perspectives—divergent evaluations
The present study investigated the general assumption of perspective‐specific dissent between actor and victim in evaluating aggressive interactions. Four experimental designs were established to test the relation of evaluations between (a) actor versus victim when judging a single act, (b) initiator versus reactor when judging action and reaction, and (c) actor as well as recipient when judging own versus other's behaviour. Results of 2 × 2 ANOV…
We are still better than them: A longitudinal field study of ingroup favouritism during a merger
The authors examine the impact of predictors for ingroup favouritism and a positive attitude towards a university merger by conducting a longitudinal field study investigating students' perceptions of a merger. Thus, the focus of this paper lies on the developmental and dynamic aspect of social identity processes and the test of directional hypotheses in an applied setting. Based on a cross‐lagged regression approach, it was shown that pre‐merger…
Perceptions of relative group size and group status: Effects on intergroup discrimination in negative evaluations
The positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination proposes a threshold for ingroup favouritism within the negative domain: in contrast to comparable studies dealing with in‐ and outgroup evaluations on positive attributes, ingroup favouritism does not occur when negative attributes are used. The present study focuses on two aspects of this threshold: it investigates processes, which may influence the absence of ingroup favouritism in the n…
The judgement of behaviour as aggressive and sanctionable
The influence of the factors norm deviation, intent, and injury, on the judgement of a critical act as aggressive and sanctionable was tested using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Scenarios depicting aggressive interactions represented the experimental conditions. 859 school children rated these scenarios on bipolar rating scales. The results show that norm deviation, intent, and injury, are important criteria for the interpretation of aggressive b…
When status differences are illegitimate, groups' needs diverge: Testing the needs‐based model of reconciliation in contexts of status inequality
The present paper extends the needs‐based model of reconciliation to contexts marked by status inequalities rather than by overt intergroup aggression. Specifically, we investigated whether and when members of high‐status versus low‐status groups experience divergent socio‐emotional needs vis‐à‐vis members of the respective other status group. Building on research informed by social identity theory, we hypothesized that the groups' different posi…
Effects of arbitrary provocation and arousal on aggressive behaviour
Social Psychology of Aggression
Classification of situations specific to field and behaviour: The context of aggressive interactions in schools
Based on a social psychological concept of aggression, in which the processes of definition and judgement of acts of behaviour are credited with central meaning, the situational context of aggressive interactions was systematized for a specific field (school). It is assumed that the particular circumstances of a situation provide information for the interpretation of a particular action, and that this interpretation varies depending on these circ…
The judgement of behaviour as aggressive and sanctionable
The influence of the factors norm deviation, intent, and injury, on the judgement of a critical act as aggressive and sanctionable was tested using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Scenarios depicting aggressive interactions represented the experimental conditions. 859 school children rated these scenarios on bipolar rating scales. The results show that norm deviation, intent, and injury, are important criteria for the interpretation of aggressive b…
Social comparison, similarity and ingroup favouritism‐A replication
Studied the effects of different kinds of similarity between social groups on ingroup favouritism using a modified replication of an experiment by Turner (1978). Instead of replicating the results of Turner, the data showed just the opposite. They are discussed within the framework of social identity theory
Social‐consensual conceptions concerning the progress of aggressive interactions
The present study investigated social consensual conceptions concerning the appropriateness relation between an initiative aggressive action and the reaction to it. To this end subjects were asked to choose between four configurations of mediatory information between B's initial act and A's reaction (i.e. ‘A's offence at B's behaviour’, ‘inappropriateness of B's behaviour’, ‘A's personal standards’, ‘A's fear of negative consequences’), so as to …
Actor or victim of aggression: Divergent perspectives—divergent evaluations
The present study investigated the general assumption of perspective‐specific dissent between actor and victim in evaluating aggressive interactions. Four experimental designs were established to test the relation of evaluations between (a) actor versus victim when judging a single act, (b) initiator versus reactor when judging action and reaction, and (c) actor as well as recipient when judging own versus other's behaviour. Results of 2 × 2 ANOV…
Social Psychology of Aggression: From Individual Behavior to Social Interaction
1. A Social Psychological Interpretation of Human Current Concepts of The Study of Threats and Punishments.- Laboratory Research on Conclusion.- 2. Motivation Theory of Aggression and Its Relation to Social Psychological Approaches.- Motivation Theory of Relationship Between Motivation Theory and Social Psychological Approaches.- Essentials of the Motivation Theory.- Conclusion.- 3. Individual Differences and Interactions.- Social Psychological P…
Perspective‐specific differences in the segmentation and evaluation of aggressive interaction sequences
The present study is based on a social psychological concept of aggression, focusing on typicalities in the subjective definitions and interpretations of aggressive interactions. The study was conducted to explore whether perspective‐specific divergences in the evaluation of longer aggressive interaction sequences are accompanied by different descriptions of the content and different segmentation of the interaction from the actor's versus the rec…
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same
On the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingr…
Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation
Evaluation of aggressive interactions in interpersonal and intergroup contexts
The article deals with possible differences in the evaluation of interpersonal and intergroup aggression. Study I investigated whether the typical perspective-specific divergence in judgments about aggressive interactions (with actors evaluating their behavior as more reasonable and less inappropriate than recipients) varied in interpersonal and intergroup contexts. Additionalty, the possible mediating influence of lay epistemic motivation and su…
Positive distinctiveness and social discrimination: An old couple living in divorce
The paper highlights the relation between positive distinctiveness and social discrimination as key concepts in Social Identity Theory. The often replicated finding of mere categorization leading to ingroup favouritism and outgroup discrimination plays a major role in supporting the view that discrimination is functional for a positive social identity. The paper confronts the mere categorization effect with recent findings which throw severe doub…
Perceptions of relative group size and group status: Effects on intergroup discrimination in negative evaluations
The positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination proposes a threshold for ingroup favouritism within the negative domain: in contrast to comparable studies dealing with in‐ and outgroup evaluations on positive attributes, ingroup favouritism does not occur when negative attributes are used. The present study focuses on two aspects of this threshold: it investigates processes, which may influence the absence of ingroup favouritism in the n…
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self
In 4 studies, the authors examined antecedents of self-definition as either a unique individual (the individual self) or an interchangeable group member (the collective self). Accentuation of perceived similarities versus differences among in-group members including the self served as the main indicator of participants' relative emphasis on their individual or collective self. Following prior work in the social identity and self-categorization th…
Normative evaluations and frequency expectations regarding positive versus negative outcome allocations between groups
Data from several recent studies consistently show a positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination: within a minimal social situation tendencies towards ingroup favouritism which usually appear in allocations of positively valenced resources are absent in the domain of negatively valenced stimuli. The present study investigates whether this valence-asymmetry has any correspondence to variations in normative evaluations of positive versus n…
Positive–Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination
Minimal group experiments showed that mere categorization of individuals into arbitrary social groups can be sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism. This effect has been qualified by demonstrating a positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination: categorization into minimal, laboratory groups was sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism in allocations of positive stimuli, but not in allocations of negative ones. Different explanatory pers…
Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies
Taken from literature on social identity theory and social comparison theory, 12 strategies of identity management were identified as possible responses to negative social identity. A taxonomy with two orthogonal axes is proposed as theoretical organization of these diverse strategies. While the first axis considers responses as being either individual or collective, the second axis refers to the distinction between behaviours and cognitions. It …
Soziale Identität und relative Deprivation
Nach dem Zusammenbruch der DDR im Jahre 1989 und dem Zusammenschluß von Ost- und Westdeutschland im Oktober 1990 wurde versucht, die DDR ökonomisch, politisch und sozial an die Verhältnisse der alten Bundesrepublik anzugleichen. Die Verhältnisse der alten Bundesrepublik stellen für diese Assimilation in vielen Bereichen den Standard dar, an dem die Leistungen und Veränderung seit der Vereinigung gemessen werden. Die politische Vorgabe für den Ver…
Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reactions to Intergroup Difference
In this article, we present a theoretical approach to social discrimination on the one hand and intergroup relations characterized by tolerance and plurality on the other hand. Central to the analysis is the question of how members deal with intergroup difference. If the outgroup's difference is judged to be non-normative and inferior, devaluation, discrimination, and hostility are likely responses toward the outgroup. Judging the outgroup's diff…
Socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany
In a field study in East Germany, predictions by Social Identity Theory concerning relations among socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations (stability, legitimacy, permeability) and identity management strategies (e.g. social competition) were examined. In general, East Germans were expected to consider their status position as inferior compared to West Germans. Moreover, depending on whether they regard such a status difference a…
Socio‐structural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany
In a field study in East Germany, predictions by Social Identity Theory concerning relations among socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations (stability, legitimacy, permeability) and identity management strategies (e.g. social competition) were examined. In general, East Germans were expected to consider their status position as inferior compared to West Germans. Moreover, depending on whether they regard such a status difference a…
Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory
To Our Benefit or at Your Expense? Justice Considerations in Intergroup Allocations of Positive and Negative Resources
Valence-Dependent Probability of Ingroup Favouritism between Minimal Groups: An Integrative View on the Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination
Psychology (52 works) · Social Psychology (51 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (43 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (33 works) · Social group (24 works) · Social identity theory (22 works) · Ingroups and outgroups (18 works) · In-group favoritism (15 works) · Developmental psychology (13 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (13 works)