Edward R Hirt
Biographic Data
| ID | 205079 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Edward R Hirt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Edward R |
| FAMILY NAME | Hirt |
| SIGNATURE | HIRT E R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University Bloomington |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5346-9748 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 281 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Role of Executive Functions in Stereotyping in the Face of Stereotype-Inconsistent Exemplars
Controlled processing of stereotype-inconsistent information (e.g., stereotype reduction, subtyping) requires motivation and ability. Research on ability in stereotyping has focused on general attentional resources, neglecting specific cognitive abilities underlying the controlled processing of stereotype-inconsistent information. We examined the roles of the executive functions of updating, inhibition, and switching in stereotype reduction and m…
Population base rates as anchors in social categorization under uncertainty
Identities as predictors of vaccine hesitancy during the Covid‐19 pandemic
Vaccine hesitancy is variable across individuals and contexts. Theoretical work suggests that group membership should differentially affect attitudes and behavior related to COVID‐19 vaccines, as individuals draw on their identities and experiences relevant to their social groups to deal with uncertainty concerning the vaccines. The present work uses longitudinal survey data to explore how identity predicted vaccination attitudes in the U.S. befo…
Political Ideology and Executive Functioning: The Effect of Conservatism and Liberalism on Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Performance
Although models of political ideology traditionally focus on the motivations that separate conservatives and liberals, a growing body of research is directly exploring the cognitive factors that vary due to political ideology. Consistent with this emerging literature, the present research proposes that conservatives and liberals excel at tasks of distinct working memory processes (i.e., inhibition and updating, respectively). Consistent with this…
Self-Regulatory Aspects of Bullshitting and Bullshit Detection
Two experiments investigate the role of self-regulatory resources in bullshitting behavior (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence, established knowledge, or truth; Frankfurt, 1986 ; Petrocelli, 2018a ), and receptivity and sensitivity to bullshit. It is hypothesized that evidence-based communication and bullshit detection require motivation and considerably greater self-regulatory resources relative to bullshitting and insensi…
How to Have Your Cake and Eat It Too: Strategic Indulgence in Big-Time Collegiate Sports Among Academically Successful Students
Past research on academic success emphasizes the need to avoid pleasurable nonacademic activities. In the context of enjoying big-time collegiate sports, we examined the notion that students, especially academically successful ones, may strategically indulge in sports games to resolve the conflict with academic pursuit. After confirming that high- (vs. low-) grade point average (GPA) students indeed found game-related activities less disruptive (…
Protecting an important goal: When prior self-control increases motivation for active goal pursuit
Self-determined travel facilitation with mental construal priming
The Signaling Effect of Pro se Status
When claimants press their claims without counsel, they fail at virtually every stage of civil litigation and overwhelmingly fail to obtain meaningful access to justice. This research program harnesses psychological science to experimentally test a novel hypothesis: mainly, a claimant's pro se status itself sends a signal that biases decision making about the claimant and her claim. We conducted social psychological experiments with the public (N…
Depletion suspends the comparator mechanism in monitoring: The role of chronic self-consciousness in sequential self-regulation
In 4 studies, we accumulated support for the prediction that depletion suspends the comparator mechanism of self-regulatory monitoring. We adopted an individual difference approach and designated chronic self-consciousness as a signature variable for the comparator mechanism. In the nondepletion condition, we found that self-consciousness predicted self-regulation by itself (Study 1), or by interacting synergistically with other motivational fact…
Circadian variations in claimed self-handicapping: Exploring the strategic use of stress as an excuse
Revisiting the restorative effects of positive mood: An expectancy-based approach to self-control restoration
The Impact of Illusory Fatigue on Executive Control: Do Perceptions of Depletion Impair Working Memory Capacity
The human mind is quite adept at modifying and regulating thoughts, judgments, and behaviors. Recent research has demonstrated that depletion of self-regulatory resources can impair executive function through restriction of working memory capacity. The current work explored whether the mere perception of resource depletion (i.e., illusory fatigue) is sufficient to directly produce these deficits in executive control. To manipulate illusory fatigu…
Taking a fresh perspective: Vicarious restoration as a means of recovering self-control
Limitations on the Substitutability of Self-Protective Processes: Self-Handicapping Is Not Reduced by Related-Domain Self-Affirmations
Goal-striving and achievement can be undermined when individuals have a competing desire to protect a cherished self-view. When individuals are more concerned with avoiding the negative implications of a likely failure than with self-improvement, they may ignore negative information or may even go so far as to purposefully undermine their own performance. For example, self-handicapping involves creating or claiming obstacles to success in order t…
When perception is more than reality: The effects of perceived versus actual resource depletion on self-regulatory behavior
Considerable research demonstrates that the depletion of self-regulatory resources impairs performance on subsequent tasks that demand these resources. The current research sought to assess the impact of perceived resource depletion on subsequent task performance at both high and low levels of actual depletion. The authors manipulated perceived resource depletion by having participants 1st complete a depleting or nondepleting task before being pr…
Lessons from a Faraway land: The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition
The worker scale: Developing a measure to explain gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping
Stressed out over possible failure: The role of regulatory fit on claimed self-handicapping
I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link
Three studies explored the role of hedonic contingency theory as an explanation for the link between positive mood and cognitive flexibility. Study 1 examined the determinants of activity choice for participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods. Consistent with hedonic contingency theory, happy participants weighted potential for creativity as well as the pleasantness of the task more heavily in their preference ratings. In Study 2, participants w…
She works hard for the money: Valuing effort underlies gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping
The Role of the Need for Cognitive Closure in the Effectiveness of the Disrupt-Then-Reframe Influence Technique: Table 1
The disrupt-then-reframe (DTR) influence technique involves confusing consumers with a disruptive message and then reducing ambiguity by reframing the message. Experiment 1 shows that the DTR technique increases retail sales in a supermarket setting. Experiment 2 shows that the DTR technique increases the willingness to pay to join a student interest group. Experiment 3 shows that the DTR technique increases student support for a tuition increase…
Self-Focus, Gender, and Habitual Self-Handicapping: Do They Make a Difference in Behavioral Self-Handicapping
This experiment examined the effects of public self-focus on individuals' behavioral self-handicapping tendencies. When faced with a threatening evaluation, a person may choose to self-handicap behaviorally. Men, more than women, and trait self-handicappers have been shown to self-handicap behaviorally. How do situational factors such as self-focus interface with these personal characteristics to affect such actions? Self-focus of attention was e…
Activating a mental simulation mind-set through generation of alternatives: Implications for debiasing in related and unrelated domains
I know you self-handicapped last exam: Gender differences in reactions to self-handicapping
Past research has shown that self-handicapping involves the trade-off of ability-related attributional benefits for interpersonal costs. Study 1 examined whether perceiver or target sex moderates impressions of self-handicapping targets. Although target sex was not an important factor, female perceivers were consistently more critical of behavioral self-handicappers. Two additional studies replicated this gender difference with variations of the …
When perception is more than reality: The effects of perceived versus actual resource depletion on self-regulatory behavior
Considerable research demonstrates that the depletion of self-regulatory resources impairs performance on subsequent tasks that demand these resources. The current research sought to assess the impact of perceived resource depletion on subsequent task performance at both high and low levels of actual depletion. The authors manipulated perceived resource depletion by having participants 1st complete a depleting or nondepleting task before being pr…
Self-reported versus behavioral self-handicapping: Empirical evidence for a theoretical distinction
The present study was an investigation of how Ss would respond when given 2 self-handicapping options, 1 behavioral (withdrawal of practice effort) and 1 self-reported (reporting high levels of stress). Ss anticipating a diagnostic test of intellectual ability were given different instructions regarding the effects of stress and practice on test performance. Ss were told that (a) stress only, (b) practice only, (c) both stress and practice, or (d…
The influence of mood on categorization: A cognitive flexibility interpretation
Les auteurs rapportent 3 experiences dans lesquelles ils montrent que l'humeur positive a un effet facilitateur sur la flexibilite cognitive dans la categorisation
The Role of Mood in Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Performance: Single or Multiple Mechanisms
Processing goals, task interest, and the mood–performance relationship: A mediational analysis
When expectancy meets desire: Motivational effects in reconstructive memory
Two studies investigated the effects of motivational factors on expectancy use in reconstructive memory. Participants were given target's midterm grades for later recall; expectancies about the target's future performance were then manipulated. Participants' desires to see their expectancies confirmed were manipulated by making the target likable or unlikable. The authors hypothesized that when expectancy and liking "matched," participants would …
Multiple explanation: A consider-an-alternative strategy for debiasing judgments
Previous research has suggested that an effective strategy for debiasing judgments is to have participants "consider the opposite." The present research proposes that considering any plausible alternative outcome for an event, not just the opposite outcome, leads participants to simulate multiple alternatives, resulting in debiased judgments. Three experiments tested this hypothesis using an explanation task paradigm. Participants in all studies …
Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates
Lessons from a Faraway land: The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition
She works hard for the money: Valuing effort underlies gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping
Self-determined travel facilitation with mental construal priming
Diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing
The role of diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing is examined. The present studies integrate theoretical and empirical work on qualitative differences among traits with the hypothesis-testing literature. Ss tested trait hypotheses from 2 hierarchically restrictive trait dimensions: introversion-extraversion and honesty-dishonesty. In Study 1, Ss generated questions to test trait hypotheses, and diagnosticity was theor…
The Signaling Effect of Pro se Status
When claimants press their claims without counsel, they fail at virtually every stage of civil litigation and overwhelmingly fail to obtain meaningful access to justice. This research program harnesses psychological science to experimentally test a novel hypothesis: mainly, a claimant's pro se status itself sends a signal that biases decision making about the claimant and her claim. We conducted social psychological experiments with the public (N…
I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link
Three studies explored the role of hedonic contingency theory as an explanation for the link between positive mood and cognitive flexibility. Study 1 examined the determinants of activity choice for participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods. Consistent with hedonic contingency theory, happy participants weighted potential for creativity as well as the pleasantness of the task more heavily in their preference ratings. In Study 2, participants w…
Activating a mental simulation mind-set through generation of alternatives: Implications for debiasing in related and unrelated domains
I know you self-handicapped last exam: Gender differences in reactions to self-handicapping
Past research has shown that self-handicapping involves the trade-off of ability-related attributional benefits for interpersonal costs. Study 1 examined whether perceiver or target sex moderates impressions of self-handicapping targets. Although target sex was not an important factor, female perceivers were consistently more critical of behavioral self-handicappers. Two additional studies replicated this gender difference with variations of the …
The role of prior knowledge in explaining hypothetical events
Stressed out over possible failure: The role of regulatory fit on claimed self-handicapping
The Role of the Need for Cognitive Closure in the Effectiveness of the Disrupt-Then-Reframe Influence Technique: Table 1
The disrupt-then-reframe (DTR) influence technique involves confusing consumers with a disruptive message and then reducing ambiguity by reframing the message. Experiment 1 shows that the DTR technique increases retail sales in a supermarket setting. Experiment 2 shows that the DTR technique increases the willingness to pay to join a student interest group. Experiment 3 shows that the DTR technique increases student support for a tuition increase…
The Role of the Hypothesis and the Evidence in the Trait Hypothesis Testing Process
Role of expectancy timing and outcome consistency in expectancy-guided retrieval
Two studies investigated how expectancy-timing and expectancy-outcome consistency affect expectancy-guided retrieval. Ss were given a student's grade report for later recall. During the retention interval, Ss' expectancies about the student's future performance (improve vs. decline) were manipulated. The expectancy information was presented either at the beginning (timing condition T1), halfway through (T2), or at the end of the retention interva…
Taking a fresh perspective: Vicarious restoration as a means of recovering self-control
Limitations on the Substitutability of Self-Protective Processes: Self-Handicapping Is Not Reduced by Related-Domain Self-Affirmations
Goal-striving and achievement can be undermined when individuals have a competing desire to protect a cherished self-view. When individuals are more concerned with avoiding the negative implications of a likely failure than with self-improvement, they may ignore negative information or may even go so far as to purposefully undermine their own performance. For example, self-handicapping involves creating or claiming obstacles to success in order t…
Processing goals, task interest, and the mood-performance relationship: A mediational analysis
The authors examined the role of intrinsic interest in mediating the relationship among mood, processing goals, and task performance. Participants in induced happy, neutral, or sad moods generated similarities and differences between TV shows using performance-based, enjoyment-based, or no stop rule (cf. L.L. Martin, D.W. Ward, J.W. Achee, & R.S. Wyer, 1993). Pretask interest and both quantitative (time spent, number generated) and qualitative (c…
Do I see only what I expect? Evidence for an expectancy-guided retrieval model
The article proposes an expectancy-guided retrieval model of memory reconstruction. In all 3 experiments, Ss were presented with a student's grade report that they would later have to recall. The possible cognitive and motivational components mediating Ss' use of the proposed retrieval strategy are discussed
Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates
The role of prior knowledge in explaining hypothetical events
Do I see only what I expect? Evidence for an expectancy-guided retrieval model
The article proposes an expectancy-guided retrieval model of memory reconstruction. In all 3 experiments, Ss were presented with a student's grade report that they would later have to recall. The possible cognitive and motivational components mediating Ss' use of the proposed retrieval strategy are discussed
Diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing
The role of diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing is examined. The present studies integrate theoretical and empirical work on qualitative differences among traits with the hypothesis-testing literature. Ss tested trait hypotheses from 2 hierarchically restrictive trait dimensions: introversion-extraversion and honesty-dishonesty. In Study 1, Ss generated questions to test trait hypotheses, and diagnosticity was theor…
The influence of mood on categorization: A cognitive flexibility interpretation
Les auteurs rapportent 3 experiences dans lesquelles ils montrent que l'humeur positive a un effet facilitateur sur la flexibilite cognitive dans la categorisation
Self-reported versus behavioral self-handicapping: Empirical evidence for a theoretical distinction
The present study was an investigation of how Ss would respond when given 2 self-handicapping options, 1 behavioral (withdrawal of practice effort) and 1 self-reported (reporting high levels of stress). Ss anticipating a diagnostic test of intellectual ability were given different instructions regarding the effects of stress and practice on test performance. Ss were told that (a) stress only, (b) practice only, (c) both stress and practice, or (d…
Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans' self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat
Two studies examined the effect of game outcome on sports fans' estimates of the team's as well as their own future performance. Consistent with social identity theory, it was expected that Ss for whom fanship was an important identity would respond to team success and failure as personal success and failure. Ss watched a live basketball game; then, in the context of a second, unrelated experiment, Ss estimated their own performance at several ta…
Role of expectancy timing and outcome consistency in expectancy-guided retrieval
Two studies investigated how expectancy-timing and expectancy-outcome consistency affect expectancy-guided retrieval. Ss were given a student's grade report for later recall. During the retention interval, Ss' expectancies about the student's future performance (improve vs. decline) were manipulated. The expectancy information was presented either at the beginning (timing condition T1), halfway through (T2), or at the end of the retention interva…
The Role of the Hypothesis and the Evidence in the Trait Hypothesis Testing Process
How Do I Remember Thee? The Role of Encoding Set and Delay in Reconstructive Memory Processes
Multiple explanation: A consider-an-alternative strategy for debiasing judgments
Previous research has suggested that an effective strategy for debiasing judgments is to have participants "consider the opposite." The present research proposes that considering any plausible alternative outcome for an event, not just the opposite outcome, leads participants to simulate multiple alternatives, resulting in debiased judgments. Three experiments tested this hypothesis using an explanation task paradigm. Participants in all studies …
Processing goals, task interest, and the mood–performance relationship: A mediational analysis
Processing goals, task interest, and the mood-performance relationship: A mediational analysis
The authors examined the role of intrinsic interest in mediating the relationship among mood, processing goals, and task performance. Participants in induced happy, neutral, or sad moods generated similarities and differences between TV shows using performance-based, enjoyment-based, or no stop rule (cf. L.L. Martin, D.W. Ward, J.W. Achee, & R.S. Wyer, 1993). Pretask interest and both quantitative (time spent, number generated) and qualitative (c…
When expectancy meets desire: Motivational effects in reconstructive memory
Two studies investigated the effects of motivational factors on expectancy use in reconstructive memory. Participants were given target's midterm grades for later recall; expectancies about the target's future performance were then manipulated. Participants' desires to see their expectancies confirmed were manipulated by making the target likable or unlikable. The authors hypothesized that when expectancy and liking "matched," participants would …
The Role of Mood in Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Performance: Single or Multiple Mechanisms
Activating a mental simulation mind-set through generation of alternatives: Implications for debiasing in related and unrelated domains
I know you self-handicapped last exam: Gender differences in reactions to self-handicapping
Past research has shown that self-handicapping involves the trade-off of ability-related attributional benefits for interpersonal costs. Study 1 examined whether perceiver or target sex moderates impressions of self-handicapping targets. Although target sex was not an important factor, female perceivers were consistently more critical of behavioral self-handicappers. Two additional studies replicated this gender difference with variations of the …
Self-Focus, Gender, and Habitual Self-Handicapping: Do They Make a Difference in Behavioral Self-Handicapping
This experiment examined the effects of public self-focus on individuals' behavioral self-handicapping tendencies. When faced with a threatening evaluation, a person may choose to self-handicap behaviorally. Men, more than women, and trait self-handicappers have been shown to self-handicap behaviorally. How do situational factors such as self-focus interface with these personal characteristics to affect such actions? Self-focus of attention was e…
She works hard for the money: Valuing effort underlies gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping
The Role of the Need for Cognitive Closure in the Effectiveness of the Disrupt-Then-Reframe Influence Technique: Table 1
The disrupt-then-reframe (DTR) influence technique involves confusing consumers with a disruptive message and then reducing ambiguity by reframing the message. Experiment 1 shows that the DTR technique increases retail sales in a supermarket setting. Experiment 2 shows that the DTR technique increases the willingness to pay to join a student interest group. Experiment 3 shows that the DTR technique increases student support for a tuition increase…
The worker scale: Developing a measure to explain gender differences in behavioral self-handicapping
Stressed out over possible failure: The role of regulatory fit on claimed self-handicapping
I want to be creative: Exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link
Three studies explored the role of hedonic contingency theory as an explanation for the link between positive mood and cognitive flexibility. Study 1 examined the determinants of activity choice for participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods. Consistent with hedonic contingency theory, happy participants weighted potential for creativity as well as the pleasantness of the task more heavily in their preference ratings. In Study 2, participants w…
Lessons from a Faraway land: The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition
When perception is more than reality: The effects of perceived versus actual resource depletion on self-regulatory behavior
Considerable research demonstrates that the depletion of self-regulatory resources impairs performance on subsequent tasks that demand these resources. The current research sought to assess the impact of perceived resource depletion on subsequent task performance at both high and low levels of actual depletion. The authors manipulated perceived resource depletion by having participants 1st complete a depleting or nondepleting task before being pr…
Psychology (40 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Cognitive psychology (23 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (17 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (17 works) · Developmental psychology (16 works) · Cognition (9 works) · Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports (9 works) · Task (project management (9 works)