Tamara A Small
Biographic Data
| ID | 4104442 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tamara A Small |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tamara A |
| FAMILY NAME | Small |
| SIGNATURE | SMALL T A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Guelph |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6554-0962 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 18 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 52 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 17 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Digital integration in political advertising: Insights from expenditures in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian elections
Digital political advertising is “interactive content placed for a fee” (Fowler et al., 2020, 111). It has been long assumed that Canadian political parties engage in digital advertising during and in between campaigns, but how much was being spent and how that spending compared to other types of advertising was impressionistic at best. This all changed in the 2019 federal election when parties were asked to report their spending on digital adver…
Do Household Political Campaign Signs Help Win Vote Share
Canadian election campaigns often see a proliferation of political signs at the start of an election, but are they worth the effort? We examined official results at the poll level (N = 785) from elections agencies and the quantities of household signs recorded in internal political party databases (Green Parties of Canada, Manitoba, and Ontario). Overall, the results suggest that the use of household signs is an effective form of political campai…
Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter
Thepicture superiority effectsuggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be ad…
Tweet Justice: The Canadian Court’s Use of Social Media
Like other political institutions in Canada, the judiciary has entered the digital age. Indeed, Canadian courts have been using Twitter for almost a decade. Despite this, there has been very little systematic examination of how Canadian courts use Twitter and the nature of the content they produce. While digital technologies create new challenges for all political actors, this is especially so for the courts, which exist in a very “traditional an…
Justin Trudeau—I Don’t Know Her”: An Analysis of Leadership Memes of Justin Trudeau
Background An internet meme is a concept or idea that spreads online. This article focuses on memes chronicling Justin Trudeau’s leadership during his first year as prime minister. Analysis By conceptualizing leadership memes and developing a methodology to analyze these memes, this empirical study reflects the approaches meme creators use, both visually and rhetorically, to convey political messages about leadership. Conclusion and implications …
The role of online technologies and digital skills in the political participation of citizens with disabilities
Online technologies are viewed as a potential equalizer of opportunities for marginalized groups because they may help reduce inequality and oppression through their educational, social and professional capabilities. While many forms of political participation are increasingly mediatized by online technologies, very few studies have examined the extent to which citizens with disabilities use them to engage in democracy. This article addresses thi…
Play-by-Play Justice: Tweeting Criminal Trials in the Digital Age
Journalists routinely live-tweet high-profile criminal trials, a practice that raises questions about access to justice and the principle of open court. Does social media open up the justice system? There is a normative debate in the literature about the use of Twitter and social media in the courtroom. This paper takes on this debate by exploring the relationship between digital technologies and criminal justice. Through a systematic examination…
Trial by Zoom? The Response to Covid-19 by Canada's Courts
COVID-19 has made videoconferencing a regular occurrence in the lives of Canadians. Videoconferencing is being used to maintain social ties, run business meetings—and to uphold responsible government. On April 28, 2020, Members of the House of Commons sat virtually using Zoom. The virtual sitting was the first of what will become a stand-in for regular proceedings, allowing the Members to fulfill some of their parliamentary duties while complying…
The Canadian Party System: An Analytic History
Navigating the principle of open court in the digital age: The more things change, the more they stay the same
The belief that courts should be open to the public is a guiding principle of the Canadian legal system. This article examines the principle of open court in the digital age by analyzing policies governing live text‐based communication in Canadian courtrooms. We argue that courts have and have not responded to the changing digital landscape. While Canadian journalists have the ability to use live text‐based communication in courts, the general pu…
Digital third parties: Understanding the technological challenge to Canada's third party advertising regime
Some scholars proclaim that social media can make third party advertising regulations “technologically obsolete.” Since social media are essentially free, financial resources are no longer an obstacle to the participation in elections. These claims, however, lack empirical consideration. Using original data on third party election advertising from 2004 ‐ 2015, this article argues that digital technologies have not made advertising regulations obs…
Online negativity in Canada: Do party leaders attack on Twitter
Negative campaigning emphasizes what is wrong with an opponent, in terms of policy or personality. American research shows that negative campaigning online has become entrenched. The objective of this paper is to provide an empirical account of the amount and condition of negative messages produced on Twitter by Canadian party leaders. The data comes from a content analysis of tweets in two elections held in 2011. This paper has two research ques…
Political Communication in Canada: Meet the Press and Tweet the Rest
Changes in technology and media consumption are transforming the way people communicate about politics. Are they also changing the way politicians communicate to the public? Political Communication in Canada examines the way political parties, politicians, interest groups, the media, and citizens are using new tactics, tools, and channels to disseminate information, and also investigates the implications of these changes. Drawing on recent exampl…
What the Hashtag: A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter
Twitter is the latest social networking tool said to be reshaping politics. Twitter allows subscribers to write a 140-character status update, called a ‘tweet'. This research analyzes the intersection of microblogging and Canadian politics. There is little scholarship on the political aspects of Twitter. This paper seeks to fill this gap through a content analysis of the most popular Canadian political hashtag, #cdnpoli. Designated by a ‘hash' sy…
Equal Access, Unequal Success — Major and Minor Canadian Parties On the Net
The Internet has been heralded as the most revolutionary technology since the printing press. Within political science, much work centres around the democratizing potential of the Internet. Cyber-optimists argue that the Internet has the capacity to equalize political competition for parties. Other scholars argue that the Internet will not dramatically change the status of minor parties. Politics on the Internet will be `politics as usual'. Empir…
Canadian Cyberparties: Reflections on Internet-Based Campaigning and Party Systems
Canadian political parties have been using the Internet as a campaign tool since the 1997 election.Rebuilding Canadian Party Politicsby Carty, Cross and Young (2000) presents one of the first analyses of Internet-based communications during a Canadian election. It is also one of the most important assessments of Canadian party systems. The book outlines the components that characterize the fourth party system, which they argue, began after the 19…
Electronic Democracy: Mobilisation, Organisation, and Participation via New ICTs
Communication Technology
Communication Technology , Barney, Darin, The Canadian Democratic Audit; Vancouver, UBC Press, 2005, pp. 210, xiii. When Darin Barney tells people he studies digital politics, they typically ask, “So, is the Internet good for democracy or isn't it?” (179). If you have ever wanted to know, Barney's Communication Technology provides an extremely comprehensive answer to questions about information and communication technologies (ICTs), democracy and…
Equal Access, Unequal Success — Major and Minor Canadian Parties On the Net
The Internet has been heralded as the most revolutionary technology since the printing press. Within political science, much work centres around the democratizing potential of the Internet. Cyber-optimists argue that the Internet has the capacity to equalize political competition for parties. Other scholars argue that the Internet will not dramatically change the status of minor parties. Politics on the Internet will be `politics as usual'. Empir…
Trial by Zoom? The Response to Covid-19 by Canada's Courts
COVID-19 has made videoconferencing a regular occurrence in the lives of Canadians. Videoconferencing is being used to maintain social ties, run business meetings—and to uphold responsible government. On April 28, 2020, Members of the House of Commons sat virtually using Zoom. The virtual sitting was the first of what will become a stand-in for regular proceedings, allowing the Members to fulfill some of their parliamentary duties while complying…
Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter
Thepicture superiority effectsuggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be ad…
Navigating the principle of open court in the digital age: The more things change, the more they stay the same
The belief that courts should be open to the public is a guiding principle of the Canadian legal system. This article examines the principle of open court in the digital age by analyzing policies governing live text‐based communication in Canadian courtrooms. We argue that courts have and have not responded to the changing digital landscape. While Canadian journalists have the ability to use live text‐based communication in courts, the general pu…
The role of online technologies and digital skills in the political participation of citizens with disabilities
Online technologies are viewed as a potential equalizer of opportunities for marginalized groups because they may help reduce inequality and oppression through their educational, social and professional capabilities. While many forms of political participation are increasingly mediatized by online technologies, very few studies have examined the extent to which citizens with disabilities use them to engage in democracy. This article addresses thi…
Play-by-Play Justice: Tweeting Criminal Trials in the Digital Age
Journalists routinely live-tweet high-profile criminal trials, a practice that raises questions about access to justice and the principle of open court. Does social media open up the justice system? There is a normative debate in the literature about the use of Twitter and social media in the courtroom. This paper takes on this debate by exploring the relationship between digital technologies and criminal justice. Through a systematic examination…
Online negativity in Canada: Do party leaders attack on Twitter
Negative campaigning emphasizes what is wrong with an opponent, in terms of policy or personality. American research shows that negative campaigning online has become entrenched. The objective of this paper is to provide an empirical account of the amount and condition of negative messages produced on Twitter by Canadian party leaders. The data comes from a content analysis of tweets in two elections held in 2011. This paper has two research ques…
Digital third parties: Understanding the technological challenge to Canada's third party advertising regime
Some scholars proclaim that social media can make third party advertising regulations “technologically obsolete.” Since social media are essentially free, financial resources are no longer an obstacle to the participation in elections. These claims, however, lack empirical consideration. Using original data on third party election advertising from 2004 ‐ 2015, this article argues that digital technologies have not made advertising regulations obs…
Canadian Cyberparties: Reflections on Internet-Based Campaigning and Party Systems
Canadian political parties have been using the Internet as a campaign tool since the 1997 election.Rebuilding Canadian Party Politicsby Carty, Cross and Young (2000) presents one of the first analyses of Internet-based communications during a Canadian election. It is also one of the most important assessments of Canadian party systems. The book outlines the components that characterize the fourth party system, which they argue, began after the 19…
Communication Technology
Communication Technology , Barney, Darin, The Canadian Democratic Audit; Vancouver, UBC Press, 2005, pp. 210, xiii. When Darin Barney tells people he studies digital politics, they typically ask, “So, is the Internet good for democracy or isn't it?” (179). If you have ever wanted to know, Barney's Communication Technology provides an extremely comprehensive answer to questions about information and communication technologies (ICTs), democracy and…
Electronic Democracy: Mobilisation, Organisation, and Participation via New ICTs
Communication Technology
Communication Technology , Barney, Darin, The Canadian Democratic Audit; Vancouver, UBC Press, 2005, pp. 210, xiii. When Darin Barney tells people he studies digital politics, they typically ask, “So, is the Internet good for democracy or isn't it?” (179). If you have ever wanted to know, Barney's Communication Technology provides an extremely comprehensive answer to questions about information and communication technologies (ICTs), democracy and…
Canadian Cyberparties: Reflections on Internet-Based Campaigning and Party Systems
Canadian political parties have been using the Internet as a campaign tool since the 1997 election.Rebuilding Canadian Party Politicsby Carty, Cross and Young (2000) presents one of the first analyses of Internet-based communications during a Canadian election. It is also one of the most important assessments of Canadian party systems. The book outlines the components that characterize the fourth party system, which they argue, began after the 19…
Equal Access, Unequal Success — Major and Minor Canadian Parties On the Net
The Internet has been heralded as the most revolutionary technology since the printing press. Within political science, much work centres around the democratizing potential of the Internet. Cyber-optimists argue that the Internet has the capacity to equalize political competition for parties. Other scholars argue that the Internet will not dramatically change the status of minor parties. Politics on the Internet will be `politics as usual'. Empir…
What the Hashtag: A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter
Twitter is the latest social networking tool said to be reshaping politics. Twitter allows subscribers to write a 140-character status update, called a ‘tweet'. This research analyzes the intersection of microblogging and Canadian politics. There is little scholarship on the political aspects of Twitter. This paper seeks to fill this gap through a content analysis of the most popular Canadian political hashtag, #cdnpoli. Designated by a ‘hash' sy…
Political Communication in Canada: Meet the Press and Tweet the Rest
Changes in technology and media consumption are transforming the way people communicate about politics. Are they also changing the way politicians communicate to the public? Political Communication in Canada examines the way political parties, politicians, interest groups, the media, and citizens are using new tactics, tools, and channels to disseminate information, and also investigates the implications of these changes. Drawing on recent exampl…
Digital third parties: Understanding the technological challenge to Canada's third party advertising regime
Some scholars proclaim that social media can make third party advertising regulations “technologically obsolete.” Since social media are essentially free, financial resources are no longer an obstacle to the participation in elections. These claims, however, lack empirical consideration. Using original data on third party election advertising from 2004 ‐ 2015, this article argues that digital technologies have not made advertising regulations obs…
Online negativity in Canada: Do party leaders attack on Twitter
Negative campaigning emphasizes what is wrong with an opponent, in terms of policy or personality. American research shows that negative campaigning online has become entrenched. The objective of this paper is to provide an empirical account of the amount and condition of negative messages produced on Twitter by Canadian party leaders. The data comes from a content analysis of tweets in two elections held in 2011. This paper has two research ques…
The Canadian Party System: An Analytic History
Navigating the principle of open court in the digital age: The more things change, the more they stay the same
The belief that courts should be open to the public is a guiding principle of the Canadian legal system. This article examines the principle of open court in the digital age by analyzing policies governing live text‐based communication in Canadian courtrooms. We argue that courts have and have not responded to the changing digital landscape. While Canadian journalists have the ability to use live text‐based communication in courts, the general pu…
Tweet Justice: The Canadian Court’s Use of Social Media
Like other political institutions in Canada, the judiciary has entered the digital age. Indeed, Canadian courts have been using Twitter for almost a decade. Despite this, there has been very little systematic examination of how Canadian courts use Twitter and the nature of the content they produce. While digital technologies create new challenges for all political actors, this is especially so for the courts, which exist in a very “traditional an…
Justin Trudeau—I Don’t Know Her”: An Analysis of Leadership Memes of Justin Trudeau
Background An internet meme is a concept or idea that spreads online. This article focuses on memes chronicling Justin Trudeau’s leadership during his first year as prime minister. Analysis By conceptualizing leadership memes and developing a methodology to analyze these memes, this empirical study reflects the approaches meme creators use, both visually and rhetorically, to convey political messages about leadership. Conclusion and implications …
The role of online technologies and digital skills in the political participation of citizens with disabilities
Online technologies are viewed as a potential equalizer of opportunities for marginalized groups because they may help reduce inequality and oppression through their educational, social and professional capabilities. While many forms of political participation are increasingly mediatized by online technologies, very few studies have examined the extent to which citizens with disabilities use them to engage in democracy. This article addresses thi…
Play-by-Play Justice: Tweeting Criminal Trials in the Digital Age
Journalists routinely live-tweet high-profile criminal trials, a practice that raises questions about access to justice and the principle of open court. Does social media open up the justice system? There is a normative debate in the literature about the use of Twitter and social media in the courtroom. This paper takes on this debate by exploring the relationship between digital technologies and criminal justice. Through a systematic examination…
Trial by Zoom? The Response to Covid-19 by Canada's Courts
COVID-19 has made videoconferencing a regular occurrence in the lives of Canadians. Videoconferencing is being used to maintain social ties, run business meetings—and to uphold responsible government. On April 28, 2020, Members of the House of Commons sat virtually using Zoom. The virtual sitting was the first of what will become a stand-in for regular proceedings, allowing the Members to fulfill some of their parliamentary duties while complying…
Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter
Thepicture superiority effectsuggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be ad…
Do Household Political Campaign Signs Help Win Vote Share
Canadian election campaigns often see a proliferation of political signs at the start of an election, but are they worth the effort? We examined official results at the poll level (N = 785) from elections agencies and the quantities of household signs recorded in internal political party databases (Green Parties of Canada, Manitoba, and Ontario). Overall, the results suggest that the use of household signs is an effective form of political campai…
Digital integration in political advertising: Insights from expenditures in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian elections
Digital political advertising is “interactive content placed for a fee” (Fowler et al., 2020, 111). It has been long assumed that Canadian political parties engage in digital advertising during and in between campaigns, but how much was being spent and how that spending compared to other types of advertising was impressionistic at best. This all changed in the 2019 federal election when parties were asked to report their spending on digital adver…
Political science (16 works) · Law (12 works) · Politics (12 works) · Social Media and Politics (11 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Law (10 works) · Public relations (7 works) · Sociology (7 works) · The Internet (7 works) · Business (5 works)