James A Russell
Biographic Data
| ID | 75809 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James A Russell |
| GIVEN NAMES | James A |
| FAMILY NAME | Russell |
| SIGNATURE | RUSSELL J A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Boston College |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1041-3717 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 119 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1661 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 118 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
On the Invalidity of Neta and Kim's Argument That Surprise is Always Valenced
In a challenge to Basic Emotion theories, Ortony suggested in a recent article that the existence of affect-free surprise means that surprise is not necessarily valenced and therefore arguably not an emotion. In an article in response, Neta and Kim argued that surprise is always valenced and therefore is an emotion, with apparent cases of affect-free surprise actually being cases of the cognitive state of unexpectedness rather than surprise. We v…
Neo-Vitalism in Affective Science
On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe
Affect is involved in many psychological phenomena, but a descriptive structure, long sought, has been elusive. Valence and arousal are fundamental, and a key question-the focus of the present study-is the relationship between them. Valence is sometimes thought to be independent of arousal, but, in some studies (representing too few societies in the world) arousal was found to vary with valence. One common finding is that arousal is lowest at neu…
When judging purity norm violations, the perpetrator's intention matters
Judgments about the morality of an act that harms another (an autonomy violation) depend on the perpetrator's intention, but judgments about an impure act (a purity violation) have little to do with the perpetrator's intention—or so it has been theorized. In contrast, our hypothesis, supported here in three studies of American internet users, is that the perpetrator's intention matters greatly in both domains. In two studies ( N = 120 in each), t…
The US Navy’s Generational Challenge
Technological, social and environmental developments are producing changes at such a rate that they threaten to overwhelm the ability of individuals, societies and governments to adapt. The pace and impact of this technological churn is especially difficult for the US Navy because of the long time frames involved in traditional navy planning, acquisition and personnel cycles. The US Navy should prepare to ride succeeding waves of techno-strategic…
A Maritime Conversation with America
On judging the morality of suicide
Deconstructing disgust as the emotion of violations of body and soul
Through the evolutionary process of preadaptation, disgust was coopted to serve as the guardian not just of one's body but also of one's soul-or so it has been theorized. On this theory, elicitors include health-related threats and nonhealth-related degrading acts, which together form a pancultural domain of morality. A prediction from this theory was examined here in four samples: 96 English-speaking Americans, 96 Malayalam-speaking Indians, 136…
Psychological construction of episodes called emotions
People witness or experience episodes they explain as due to an emotion. Like ordinary folk, many academic theorists try to understand these obviously important episodes in the same way using the terms emotion, fear, anger, joy, grief, and so on. Yet, each term refers to a heterogeneous cluster of events with unclear boundaries and no single cause-rather than to a prepackaged pancultural bundle of common components (subjective experience, behavio…
The rise of affectivism
On evidence for a dozen new basic emotions: A methodological critique
Much theory, research, and application regarding emotion is based on a set of basic emotions. But the question remains: which emotions are in that set? One proposal is to expand the classic set of six with 12 new ones, each indicated by a facial expression purported to convey that one specific emotion universally. A series of studies offered as support for this proposal relied on presenting participants with the emotion label embedded in a story …
Facial Expressions
Disgust and the sacred: Do people react to violations of the sacred with the same emotion they react to something putrid
Disgust has been hypothesized to be uniquely linked to violations of a distinct moral domain (called divinity, purity, or sacred) aimed at preserving one's body from contamination with pathogens and preserving one's soul from violations of what is sacred. Here we examined whether the same emotion-core disgust-occurs when witnessing both types of violation, and we proposed a specific method for doing so. In two studies (N = 160; 240), American and…
On an Observer’s Reaction to Hearing of Someone Harming Him or Herself
Shame as a Culture-Specific Emotion Concept
On the assumption that shame is a universal emotion, cross-cultural research on shame relies on translations assumed to be equivalent in meaning. Our studies here questioned that assumption. In three studies ( N s, 108, 120, 117), shame was compared to its translations in Spanish ( vergüenza ) and in Malayalam ( nanakedu ). American English speakers used shame for the emotional reaction to moral failures and its use correlated positively with gui…
American sea power in the contemporary security environment
This article assesses the relevance of US seapower in the contemporary security environment. This paper builds upon a rich literature on sea power, strategy, and maritime operations to assess recent factors and emerging geostrategic dynamics that are likely to affect American maritime strategy, while keeping sight of the principles that will endure regardless of shifting domestic and international politics. It places the application of sea power …
Rejoinder to Kret and Straffon
The Relation Between Valence and Arousal in Subjective Experience Varies With Personality and Culture
OBJECTIVE: While in general arousal increases with positive or negative valence (a so-called V-shaped relation), there are large differences among individuals in how these two fundamental dimensions of affect are related in people's experience. In two studies, we examined two possible sources of this variation: personality and culture. METHOD: In Study 1, participants (Belgian university students) recalled a recent event that was characterized by…
Even unpleasant reminders that you are an animal need not disgust you
Three studies (Ns = 200, 400, 400) tested the hypothesis that we humans feel disgust when reminded of our animal nature. Participants verbally rated their disgust reaction to pictures of humans engaged in various unpleasant actions. For pictures of events that present danger or suffering, accompanied by an explicit and vivid reminder that animals face the same situation, participants reported fear and sadness rather than disgust. For pictures of …
The emotion seen in a face can be a methodological artifact: The process of elimination hypothesis
The claim that certain facial expressions signal certain specific emotions has been supported by high observer agreement in labeling the emotion predicted for that expression. Our hypothesis was that, with a method common to the field, high observer agreement can be achieved through a process of elimination: As participants move from trial to trial and they encounter a type of expression not previously encountered in the experiment, they tend to …
Saudi Arabia: The Strategic Dimensions of Environmental Insecurity
The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12194
Waging War, Planning Peace: U.S. Noncombat Operations and Major Wars
The United States remains mired in Afghanistan and Iraq after more than a decade of military operations in both countries—seemingly unable to gracefully retreat while simultaneously unable to achieve a decisively favorable outcome. In both wars, it can be said that the United States successfully fought the war and then bungled the peace after embarking on grand and ill-conceived political and social engineering projects. Not surprisingly, America…
Children’s predictions of future perceptual experiences: Temporal reasoning and phenomenology
We investigated the development and cognitive correlates of envisioning future experiences in 3.5- to 6.5-year old children across 2 experiments, both of which involved toy trains traveling along a track. In the first, children were asked to predict the direction of train travel and color of train side, as it would be seen through an arch. Children below 5 years typically failed the task, while performance on it was associated with performance on…
Recognizing spontaneous facial expressions of emotion in a small-scale society of Papua New Guinea
We report 2 studies on how residents of Papua New Guinea interpret facial expressions produced spontaneously by other residents of Papua New Guinea. Members of a small-scale indigenous society, Trobrianders (Milne Bay Province; N = 32, 14 to 17 years) were shown 5 facial expressions spontaneously produced by members of another small-scale indigenous society, Fore (Eastern Highlands Province) that Ekman had photographed, labeled, and published in …
The Words for Disgust in English, Korean, and Malayalam Question Its Homogeneity
Native speakers of English, Korean, and Malayalam ( N = 30 in each group) rated their emotional reactions to stories describing events leading to anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Speaker's language had no significant effect for anger, fear, and sadness stories, but did for disgust stories. The category named by the English word disgust includes emotional reactions to distaste, pathogen-containing substances, blood, sex, and moral violations. Th…
A circumplex model of affect
Culture and the categorization of emotions
Some writers assume--and others deny--that all human beings distinguish emotions from nonemotions and divide the emotions into happiness, anger, fear, and so on. A review of ethnographic and cross-cultural studies on (a) emotion lexicons, (b) the emotions inferred from facial expressions, and (c) dimensions implicit in comparative judgments of emotions indicated both similarities and differences in how the emotions are categorized in different la…
Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant
Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect
The independence of positive and negative affect has been heralded as a major and counterintuitive finding in the psychology of mood and emotion. Still, other findings support the older view that positive and negative fall at opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum. Independence versus bipolarity can be reconciled by considering (a) the activation dimension of affect, (b) random and systematic measurement error, and (c) how items are selected…
The Structure of Current Affect: Controversies and Emerging Consensus
For some years now, emotion researchers have debated a series of issues related to the structure of consciously experienced affective states. The present article reviews evidence that current affective experience can be summarized by a structure that is anchored by two bipolar but independent dimensions of experience, pleasure and activation. Four issues have presented themselves as central to the nature of this structure: the number of dimension…
On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect
Is positive affect (PA) the bipolar opposite of, or is it independent of, negative affect (NA)? Previous analyses of this vexing question have generally labored under the false assumption that bipolarity predicts an invariant latent correlation between PA and NA. The predicted correlation varies with time frame, response format, and items selected to define PA and NA. The observed correlation also varies with errors inherent in measurement. When …
A description of the affective quality attributed to environments
The meaning that persons attribute to environments is divided into perceptualcognitive meaning and affective meaning. Affective meaning is then conceptualized as a two-dimensional bipolar space that can be denned by eight variables falling in the following circular order around the perimeter: pleasant (arbitrarily set at 0°), exciting (45°), arousing (90°), distressing (135°), unpleasant (180°), gloomy (225°), sleepy (270°), and relaxing (315°, w…
Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal
This article introduces a single-item scale, the Affect Grid, designed as a quick means of assessing affect along the dimensions of pleasure-displeasure and arousal-sleepiness. The Affect Grid is potentially suitable for any study that requires judgments about affect of either a descriptive or a subjective kind. The scale was shown to have adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity in 4 studies in which college students …
The concept of love viewed from a prototype perspective
Even if superordinate concepts (such as fruit, vehicle, sport) are prototypically organized, basic-level concepts (such as apple, truck, hockey) might be classically defined in terms of individually necessary and jointly sufficient features. A series of 6 studies examined 1 basic-level concept in the domain of emotion, love, and found that it is better understood from a prototype than a classical perspective. The natural language concept of love …
Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction
As an alternative to using the concepts of emotion, fear, anger, and the like as scientific tools, this article advocates an approach based on the concepts of core affect and psychological construction, expanding the domain of inquiry beyond "emotion". Core affect is a neurophysiological state that underlies simply feeling good or bad, drowsy or energised. Psychological construction is not one process but an umbrella term for the various processe…
Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions
A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect
La música es un acto inevitablemente emocional.Por ello, no es de extrañar que desde los albores del siglo pasado hubiera una preocupación en conocer científicamente el vínculo entre la música y las emociones.En esta búsqueda, los autores han encontrado numerosas variables musicales y socioculturales que influyen en la percepción musical.Centrándonos en los factores socioculturales, además de la edad, el sexo o la experiencia musical, la encultur…
Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context
Pancultural aspects of the human conceptual organization of emotions
This study investigated whether certain elementary properties of the human conceptual system for categorizing emotions are pancultural or are specific to particular languages and cultures. From similarity judgments provided by native speakers, multidimensional scalings of emotion-related words in Gujarati, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, and English provided evidence of several pancultural properties. In all five languages, emotion-related words ,fe…
Security of Attachment as a Predictor of Symbolic and Mentalising Abilities: A Longitudinal Study
The development of symbolic and mentalising abilities was examined in 33 children whose security of attachment had been assessed in infancy. It was found that securely attached children: (i) were better able to incorporate an experimenter’s play suggestions into their sequences of symbolic play at 31 months; and (ii) performed better on a version of Wimmer and Perner’s (1983) unexpected transfer task at age 4. There was also evidence of superior …
Dimensions underlying children's emotion concepts
Affective space is bipolar
Numerous previous studies found monopolar rather than bipolar dimensions of affect (defined as emotion represented in language), but may have included methodological biases against bipolarity. The present study of self-report data (N = 150) on 11 affect scales showed that response format and acquiescence response style significantly shifted correlations between hypothesized opposites away from showing bipolarity. When these biases were taken into…
The relation between valence and arousal in subjective experience
Affect is basic to many if not all psychological phenomena. This article examines 2 of the most fundamental properties of affective experience--valence and arousal--asking how they are related to each other on a moment to moment basis. Over the past century, 6 distinct types of relations have been suggested or implicitly presupposed in the literature. We critically review the available evidence for each proposal and argue that the evidence does n…
Recognizing spontaneous facial expressions of emotion in a small-scale society of Papua New Guinea
We report 2 studies on how residents of Papua New Guinea interpret facial expressions produced spontaneously by other residents of Papua New Guinea. Members of a small-scale indigenous society, Trobrianders (Milne Bay Province; N = 32, 14 to 17 years) were shown 5 facial expressions spontaneously produced by members of another small-scale indigenous society, Fore (Eastern Highlands Province) that Ekman had photographed, labeled, and published in …
Innovation in War: Counterinsurgency Operations in Anbar and Ninewa Provinces, Iraq, 2005–2007
This article analyzes operations by three battalions conducting counterinsurgency, or COIN, operations in Iraq over the period from July 2005 through March 2007: the 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment (1–7) along the Iraq–Syrian border in the first half of 2006; the 1st Battalion, 37th Armored Regiment (1–37) battalion operating in south-central Ramadi in the fall of 2006; and the 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, or 2-1, operating in eastern…
Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond
pleasantness and activation. These 4 structures each presuppose bipolar dimensions and have been thought of as interchangeable or 45 ° rotations of one another, but past data were inconsistent. Huge but not perfect overlap among these four structures was found here in 2 studies of self-reported current affect (Ate = 198 and 217) that controlled for random and systematic errors of measurement. The 4 structures were integrated into a common space d…
Fuzzy concepts in a fuzzy hierarchy: Varieties of anger
This article argues that the concept of anger is not well characterized from the classical perspective. Instead, its membership is graded, its borders are fuzzy, and its subcategories fail to form a true class-inclusion hierarchy. Ss rated potential anger subcategories (fury, jealousy, annoyance, etc.) and remembered instances of their own anger as varying in degree of membership in anger. Degree of membership (prototypicality) predicted each sub…
A closer look at preschoolers' freely produced labels for facial expressions
In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts
Emotion, anger, fear, love, and similar concepts have so far defied classical definition. This article summarizes one analysis of emotion concepts from a prototype perspective and answers criticisms directed at such an analysis. Specifically addressed are 5 claims made by critics: The superordinate concept of emotion is classically defined; basic-level emotion concepts are classically defined; internal structure does not contradict the classical …
Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect
Distinguishing anger and anxiety in terms of emotional response factors.
The Basic Emotional Impact of Environments
Available literature provides ample evidence that there are basic responses which are elicited by stimuli but which are independent of sense-modality distinctions. Everyday observations of intermodality associations, studies of synesthesia and of physiological reactions to different stimuli, and semantic differential studies all showed evidence of such primary responses. Semantic differential studies, in particular, have shown that human judgment…
Utilization of Irrelevant Information by High and Low Creatives
12 high and 12 low scorers on the Remote Associates Test and a written test for uses of objects and plot of a story were selected. High creatives recalled more words and semantic groupings after a sorting task than others. This irrelevant material did not reflect greater distractability
Nonconservation of area: Do children succeed where adults fail
Environmental Variables in Consumer Research
Russell Belk's explicit recognition of environmental variables and their ability to explain and predict behavior is applauded. His approach to describing environmental differences is noted as lacking parsimony, however, and an alternative, more parsimonious, approach is suggested
Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions
A Questionnaire Measure of Habitual Alcohol Use
This paper presents a questionnaire measure of alcohol use habits designed to separately assess consumption of wine, beer, and liquor, and drinking rate. Factor analysis of the measure for 593 college students indicates that the highest loading items on the single factor extracted are those relating to drinking rate. The weekly amount of wine consumed has the lowest factor loading. A computational formula, based on factor scores, is given for the…
Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect
Non‐verbal and verbal judgements of length invariance by young children
One hundred and fifty non‐conservers in length were assessed for their ability to make a non‐verbal judgement of length invariance on a task employing a train‐transfer design in which stimuli were pairs of pencils. Seventy per cent of children from group who had to respond to length equality as opposed to inequality made correct invariance judgement and could, moreover, characterize their choices in invariance language (e.g. ‘same size’) whilst s…
The Status of Genetic Epistemology
Affective space is bipolar
Numerous previous studies found monopolar rather than bipolar dimensions of affect (defined as emotion represented in language), but may have included methodological biases against bipolarity. The present study of self-report data (N = 150) on 11 affect scales showed that response format and acquiescence response style significantly shifted correlations between hypothesized opposites away from showing bipolarity. When these biases were taken into…
A description of the affective quality attributed to environments
The meaning that persons attribute to environments is divided into perceptualcognitive meaning and affective meaning. Affective meaning is then conceptualized as a two-dimensional bipolar space that can be denned by eight variables falling in the following circular order around the perimeter: pleasant (arbitrarily set at 0°), exciting (45°), arousing (90°), distressing (135°), unpleasant (180°), gloomy (225°), sleepy (270°), and relaxing (315°, w…
A circumplex model of affect
Affective Quality Attributed to Environments: A Factor Analytic Study
A set of 105 commonly used adjectives descriptive of the affective quality of molar physical environments was developed and factor analyzed (based on 323 subjects' ratings, each of a different environment). Two, independent, bipolar factors of affective quality-pleasing and arousing quality-were obtained and shown to correlate highly with subjects' affective reactions of pleasure and arousal to the environments. The pleasing and- arousing quality…
The structure in persons' implicit taxonomy of emotions
The child's appreciation of the necessary truth and the necessary falseness of propositions
Two experiments were performed in order to determine the extent to which children in the age range of five to 10 years can discriminate between ( a ) necessarily true vs. contingent propositions and ( b ) necessarily false vs. contingent propositions. In each study five types of sentence pairs (30 examples of each) were presented and success was assessed by the number of errors made. Children were either taught the basis of the discrimination by …
Dimensions underlying children's emotion concepts
Pancultural aspects of the human conceptual organization of emotions
This study investigated whether certain elementary properties of the human conceptual system for categorizing emotions are pancultural or are specific to particular languages and cultures. From similarity judgments provided by native speakers, multidimensional scalings of emotion-related words in Gujarati, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, and English provided evidence of several pancultural properties. In all five languages, emotion-related words ,fe…
Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective.
Many have sought but no one has found a commonly acceptable definition for the concept of emotion. Repeated failure raises the question whether a definition is possible, at least a definition in the classical sense of individually necessary and jointly sufficient attributes. A series of seven studies explored an alternative possibility that the concept of emotion is better understood from a prototype perspective than from a classical per-spective…
Should I believe you, or what you say? Children's belief of children's statements
Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: Similarity from preschoolers to adults
Structural models of emotion represent the fact that we perceive emotions as systematically interrelated. These interrelations may reveal a basic property of the human conception of emotions, or they may represent an artifact that is due to semantic relations learned along with the emotion lexicon. The first alternative was supported by results from a series of scalings of 20 emotional facial expressions, results that could not easily be attribut…
On the dimensions preschoolers use to interpret facial expressions of emotion
Dimensions of the meaning attributed to facial expressions of emotion were studied in preschoolers (nineteen 4-year-olds, twenty-one 3-year-olds, and thirty-eight 2-year-olds) plus thirty adults. Subjects indicated the similarity or dissimilarity between different emotions by placing photographs of emotional facial expressions into preordained numbers of groups. For each age group, multidimensional scaling of the pairwise similarities yielded a t…
Learning capacities do not look very'general', and 'general learning capacities' explain too much: A commentary on Stemmer
Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal
This article introduces a single-item scale, the Affect Grid, designed as a quick means of assessing affect along the dimensions of pleasure-displeasure and arousal-sleepiness. The Affect Grid is potentially suitable for any study that requires judgments about affect of either a descriptive or a subjective kind. The scale was shown to have adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity in 4 studies in which college students …
A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect
La música es un acto inevitablemente emocional.Por ello, no es de extrañar que desde los albores del siglo pasado hubiera una preocupación en conocer científicamente el vínculo entre la música y las emociones.En esta búsqueda, los autores han encontrado numerosas variables musicales y socioculturales que influyen en la percepción musical.Centrándonos en los factores socioculturales, además de la edad, el sexo o la experiencia musical, la encultur…
Psychology (88 works) · Social Psychology (62 works) · Cognitive psychology (54 works) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (41 works) · Communication (40 works) · Developmental psychology (31 works) · Computer Science (30 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Facial expression (24 works) · Political science (24 works)