Paul A M Van Lange
Biographic Data
| ID | 903201 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul A M Van Lange |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul A M |
| FAMILY NAME | Van Lange |
| SIGNATURE | VAN LANGE P A M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7774-6984 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 117 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1207 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 113 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1990 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
How Norms Depend on the Presence and Status of Observers: The Relational Contingency of Everyday Behaviors in 90 Societies
Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissi…
Gossip or confrontation? Sanctioning environmental norm violations and the reputation of punishers
Prior research has shown that peer punishment can promote norm adherence, but people's perceptions of whether and how environmentally harmful behaviors should be sanctioned remain underexplored. Shedding light on this question is important because normative consensus regarding environmental behaviors varies considerably, from strong and widely shared norms to weak or absent norms. Study 1 documents this normative variation by mapping norm percept…
A call for transdisciplinary trust research in the artificial intelligence era
Trust is a cornerstone and enabler of human civilization, determining the very nature of how people interact with each other. The swift integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life poses grand societal challenges and necessitates a reevaluation of trust. Our bibliometric literature review calls for scientists and stakeholders to cross traditional academic boundaries to address emerging and evolving societal challenges arising from …
Social mindfulness and the SoMi Paradigm: A decade of research on low-cost prosociality
Operationalised in the SoMi paradigm, social mindfulness is a form of prosociality in which people can be thoughtful of others at little cost or effort by actively considering those others’ needs and wishes before making a decision. One way to do so is to let one’s decisions be guided by the principle of not restricting the others’ options. Focusing on leaving versus limiting other people’s choice, we review a decade (and some) of research on soc…
Social class and prosociality: A meta-analytic review
Two theoretical perspectives (i.e., the risk management perspective and the resource perspective) offer competing predictions that higher class individuals-relative to lower class individuals-tend to be less versus more prosocial, respectively. Different predictions can also be drawn from each perspective about how the class-prosociality association varies across sociocultural contexts. To date, each perspective has received mixed empirical suppo…
How Do People Morally Judge Corruption? A Comparison Between the Netherlands and Indonesia
Extant research on corruption has uncovered the important role of norms. Yet, little is known about how people view specific acts of corruption in countries that differ in the prevalence of corruption. The present research examines moral judgements of four different types of corrupt acts in a high‐ versus low‐corruption country, thereby providing a critical test of two opposing hypotheses. The descriptive norms approach predicts that citizens of …
How perceived coercion polarizes unvaccinated people: The mediating role of conspiracy beliefs
During the COVID-19 pandemic, different policies were implemented to increase vaccination uptake. Meanwhile, conspiracy theories spread widely, and vaccinated versus unvaccinated people increasingly polarized against each other. This study examined the associations between perceived vaccination coercion, conspiracy beliefs and polarization. We tested the relationship of vaccination status with perceived vaccination coercion, conspiracy beliefs, a…
Support for refugees declines when helpers have unequal positions and abilities to help
Refugees' well-being hinges on receiving adequate support throughout their journey. In 2015, as many refugees migrated toward wealthier Northern and Western Europe, it seemed like communities' willingness to offer help depended not only on refugees' attributes or individual benevolence but also on communities' positions along the route and their economic status. However, survey methods struggle to isolate these factors' causal effects. We therefo…
The impact of generative artificial intelligence on socioeconomic inequalities and policy making
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to both exacerbate and ameliorate existing socioeconomic inequalities. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary overview of the potential impacts of generative AI on (mis)information and three information-intensive domains: work, education, and healthcare. Our goal is to highlight how generative AI could worsen existing inequalities while illuminating how AI may hel…
Status cues and moral judgment: Formal attire induces moral favoritism but not for hypocrites
Status-related impressions influence important interpersonal dynamics, including moral judgments of good or bad, and right or wrong, whereas these impressions can be formed based on subtle cues (e.g., formal versus casual attire of transgressors). The current research examined how attire influences moral judgments in transgressive contexts and for different transgressions. We proposed that attire would have different effects on moral judgments de…
Love and hate do not modulate the attentional blink but improve overall performance
How may feelings of love and hate impact people's attention? We used a modified Attentional Blink (AB) task in which 300 participants were asked to categorise a name representing a person towards whom they felt either hate, love, or neutral (first target) plus identify a number word (second target), both embedded in a rapidly presented stream of other words. The lag to the second target was systematically varied. Contrary to our hypothesis, resul…
Beauty Builds Cooperation by Increasing Moral Concern for the Environment
We aimed to investigate the role of moral value in influencing cooperative behavior in environmental conservation. Our research involved two studies examining whether attributing moral value to non-sentient resources (the environment) impacts participants’ resource preservation actions. Results revealed that associating an environmental consequence with resource consumption led to increased cooperative behavior, driven by a desire to protect tree…
Salience of infectious diseases did not increase xenophobia during the Covid-19 pandemic
Multiple proposals suggest that xenophobia increases when infectious disease threats are salient. The current longitudinal study tested this hypothesis by examining whether and how anti-immigrant sentiments varied in the Netherlands across four time points during the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020, February 2021, October 2021 and June 2022 through Flycatcher.eu). The results revealed that (1) anti-immigrant sentiments were no higher in early assessm…
Enriching Psychology by Zooming Out to General Mindsets and Practices in Natural Habitats
Psychology has been “zooming in” on individuals, dyads, and groups with a narrow lens to the exclusion of “zooming out,” which involves placing the targeted phenomena within more distal layers of influential context. Here, we plea for a paradigm shift. Specifically, we showcase largely hidden scientific benefits of zooming out by discussing worldwide evidence on inhabitants’ habitual adaptations to colder-than-temperate and hotter-than-temperate …
Lower class people suffered more (but perceived fewer risk disadvantages) during the Covid ‐19 pandemic
Does COVID‐19 affect people of all classes equally? In the current research, we focus on the social issue of risk inequality during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using a nationwide survey conducted in China ( N = 1,137), we predicted and found that compared to higher‐class individuals, lower‐class participants reported a stronger decline in self‐rated health as well as economic well‐being due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. At the same tim…
Moral Expansiveness Around the World: The Role of Societal Factors Across 36 Countries
What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found …
The Hateful People: Populist Attitudes Predict Interpersonal and Intergroup Hate
Do populist attitudes predict a growth in feelings of hate? Or does experiencing hate predict a growth in populist attitudes? Previous research has not yet examined the relation between populist attitudes and hate over time. We conducted a two-wave study with a Dutch adult sample in the Netherlands, to examine the time-extended associations between populism and hate, thereby focusing on other individuals ( N = 943) or groups ( N = 851) as targets…
Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country‐level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed …
A 32‐society investigation of the influence of perceived economic inequality on social class stereotyping
There is a growing body of work suggesting that social class stereotypes are amplified when people perceive higher levels of economic inequality—that is, the wealthy are perceived as more competent and assertive and the poor as more incompetent and unassertive. The present study tested this prediction in 32 societies and also examines the role of wealth‐based categorization in explaining this relationship. We found that people who perceived highe…
Conflict, cooperation, and institutional choice
Social situations may vary in the severity of conflict between self-interest and collective welfare, and thereby pose collective action problems that might require different institutional solutions. The present study examines the effect of conflict of interests on beliefs, norms, cooperation, and choice of sanctioning institutions in social dilemmas across two experiments (total N = 1304). In each experiment, participants interacted in a public g…
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during …
Culture, Status, and Hypocrisy: High-Status People Who Don’t Practice What They Preach Are Viewed as Worse in the United States Than China
Status holders across societies often take moral initiatives to navigate group practices toward collective goods; however, little is known about how different societies (e.g., the United States vs. China) evaluate high- (vs. low-) status holders’ transgressions of preached morals. Two preregistered studies (total N = 1,374) examined how status information (occupational rank in Study 1 and social prestige in Study 2) influences moral judgments of …
Predicting attitudinal and behavioral responses to Covid-19 pandemic using machine learning
At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social…
Strategic Exploitation by Higher-Status People Incurs Harsher Third-Party Punishment
It is widely documented that third parties punish norm violations, even at a substantial cost to themselves. However, little is known about how third-party punishment occurs in groups consisting of members who differ in status. Having a higher-status member promotes norm enforcement and group efficiency but also poses threats to collective goods when they strategically exploit people’s trust to maximize self-interest. Two preregistered studies co…
Perceptions of having less in the U.S. but having more in China are associated with stronger inequality aversion
Using social and behavioural science to support Covid-19 pandemic response
The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientation
The author provides a conceptual framework for understanding differences among prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations.Whereas traditional models conceptualize prosocial orientation in terms of enhancing joint outcomes, the author proposes an integrative model of social value orientation in which prosocial orientation is understood in terms of enhancing both joint outcomes and equality in outcomes.Consistent with this integrative…
Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships
On the basis of an interdependence analysis, it is proposed that commitment to a close relationship is associated with cognitive interdependence—a mental state characterized by a pluralistic, collective representation of the self-in-relationship. A cross-sectional survey study and a 2-wave longitudinal study revealed that strong commitment to a romantic relationship is associated with greater spontane-ous plural pronoun usage, greater perceived u…
Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships
The authors advance an interdependence analysis of willingness to sacrifice.Support for model predictions was revealed in 6 studies (3 cross-sectional survey studies, 1 simulation experiment, 2 longitudinal studies) that used a novel self-report measure and a behavioral measure of willingness to sacrifice.Willingness to sacrifice was associated with strong commitment, high satisfaction, poor alternatives, and high investments; feelings of commitm…
Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence
The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this…
Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect
This research evaluates the might vs. morality effect (Liebrand, Jansen, Rijken, & Suhre, 1986) by examining whether the manipulation of the perception of partner's honesty and intelligence interacts with the observer's own social value orientation to influence the latter's expectations regarding partner cooperation and own cooperation in a social dilemma. Results reveal that greater cooperation was expected from an honest partner than from a dis…
Trust, conflict, and cooperation: A meta-analysis
Many theories of trust emphasize that trust is most relevant to behavior in situations involving a conflict of interests. However, it is not clear how trust relates to behavior across situations that differ in the degree of conflicting interest: Does trust matter more when the conflict of interest is small or large? According to an interdependence perspective, trust becomes an especially important determinant of behavior in situations involving l…
Reward, punishment, and cooperation: A meta-analysis
How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewa…
When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment
The present research addresses the question of when and why forgiving might enhance psychological well-being. The authors predict that forgiving is associated with enhanced well-being but that this association should be more pronounced in relationships of strong rather than weak commitment. This hypothesis received good support in Studies 1-3. Studies 2 and 3 addressed the issue of why forgiving might be associated with psychological well-being, …
Perceived superiority in close relationships: Why it exists and persists
Two studies used a thought-listing technique to examine perceived superiority, or the inclination to regard one's own relationship as better than (and not as bad as) others' relationships. Consistent with the claim that this is a motivated phenomenon-and motivated in part by strong commitment-Study 1 revealed that (a) tendencies toward perceived superiority and (b) the commitment-superiority link are both strongest given psychologically threateni…
Locomotion in social dilemmas: How people adapt to cooperative, tit-for-tat, and noncooperative partners
The authors address locomotion in social dilemmas, examining the influence of social value orientation (prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations) and partner's strategy (100 % cooperation, tit for tat, and 100 % noncooperation) on cooperative behavior and locomotion to enhanced or reduced levels of interdependence (tendencies toward approach vs. avoidance). Extending prior research on behavioral assimilation (e.g., H. H. Kelley & …
Political Ideology, Trust, and Cooperation: In-group Favoritism among Republicans and Democrats during a US National Election
Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before ( n = 362) and after ( n = 366) the 2012 US presidential…
Social value orientation and intelligence: A test of the goal prescribes rationality principle
The present study examines the influence of pre‐existing individual differences in social value orentations, or preferences for certain patterns of outcomes to oneself and others (McClintock, 1978), on perceptions of rationality in a social dilemma. In Experiment 1 conducted in Groningen (the Netherlands), it was found that people with pro‐social orientations expected more cooperation from another described as intelligent than from another descri…
Be aware to care: Public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect
Class impressions: Higher social class elicits lower prosociality
How many bad apples does it take to spoil the whole barrel?”: Social exclusion and toleration for bad apples
Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness
While the topic of forgiveness has only recently started to receive empirical attention, little research has been conducted to examine the notion that forgiveness predicts pro‐relationship responses, motivated by a willingness to set aside personal well‐being to enhance the well‐being of the partner or relationship. The purpose of the present research was to examine whether forgiveness predicts pro‐relationship responses, and whether it does so a…
How to overcome the detrimental effects of noise in social interaction: The benefits of generosity
Interpersonal misunderstanding is often rooted in noise, or discrepancies between intended and actual outcomes for an interaction partner due to unintended errors (e.g., not being able to respond to an E-mail because of a local network breakdown). How can one effectively cope with noise in social dilemmas, situations in which self-interest and collective interests are conflicting? Consistent with hypotheses, the present research revealed that inc…
Social mindfulness: Skill and will to navigate the social world
Although one may not always see it, social life often involves choices that make people act in ways that are mindful of others or not. We adopt an interdependence theoretical approach to the novel concept of social mindfulness, which we conceptualize in terms of other-regarding choices involving both skill (to see it, e.g., theory of mind, perspective taking) and will (to do it, e.g., empathic concern, prosocial orientation) to act mindfully towa…
Promoting cooperation and trust in "noisy" situations: The power of generosity
The authors present an interdependence theoretical framework and advance the argument that generosity serves the important purpose of communicating trust, which is assumed to be of utmost importance to coping with incidents of negative noise (i.e., when the other every now and then behaves less cooperatively than intended). Using a new social dilemma task (the parcel delivery paradigm), it was hypothesized that incidents of negative noise would e…
Causal attribution of choice behavior in three N-Person Prisoner's Dilemmas
How to Cope With "Noise" in Social Dilemmas: The Benefits of Communication
Interactions in social life may be seriously affected by negative noise, whereby actual or perceived behavior is less cooperative than was intended (e.g., arriving late due to an unforeseen traffic jam). The present research examines whether negative noise exerts detrimental effects on impressions and cooperation and whether such effects could be reduced by communication. Consistent with hypotheses, Study 1 revealed that negative noise exerts det…
Does activating justice help or hurt in promoting forgiveness
Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country‐level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed …
Trust in Social Dilemmas
Trust is one of the most classic themes across the social and behavioral sciences. It is also a topic is that is strongly intertwined with cooperation and social dilemmas, and there is little doubt that trust is an effective tool to promote cooperation, even if cooperation without trust is possible under certain circumstances. The past decade has also increasingly revealed emerging themes, new theoretical developments, intriguing questions, and a…
Causal attribution of choice behavior in three N-Person Prisoner's Dilemmas
Social value orientation and intelligence: A test of the goal prescribes rationality principle
The present study examines the influence of pre‐existing individual differences in social value orentations, or preferences for certain patterns of outcomes to oneself and others (McClintock, 1978), on perceptions of rationality in a social dilemma. In Experiment 1 conducted in Groningen (the Netherlands), it was found that people with pro‐social orientations expected more cooperation from another described as intelligent than from another descri…
Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect
This research evaluates the might vs. morality effect (Liebrand, Jansen, Rijken, & Suhre, 1986) by examining whether the manipulation of the perception of partner's honesty and intelligence interacts with the observer's own social value orientation to influence the latter's expectations regarding partner cooperation and own cooperation in a social dilemma. Results reveal that greater cooperation was expected from an honest partner than from a dis…
The Impact of Social Value Orientations on Negotiator Cognition and Behavior
Prior research using experimental games has demonstrated that social value orientations affect the ways in which individuals approach and react to interdependent others; prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than individualists and competitors. This article extends these lines of research by examining the influence of social value orientations on negotiation cognition and behavior. Consistent with predictions, prosocials, relative to individuali…
How a Structural Solution to a Real-World Social Dilemma Failed: A Field Experiment on the First Carpool Lane in Europe
In the current field experiment we evaluate a structural solution to a real-life social dilemma by examining the effects of a carpool priority lane on judgments and preferences concerning the decision to commute by carpool (i.e., the presumed cooperative option) or driving alone (i.e., the presumed noncooperative option). Our general hypothesis was that this intervention would evoke a process of self-justification in solo drivers, arising from fe…
Commuting by car or public transportation? A social dilemma analysis of travel mode judgements
The current paper analyses judgements regarding the decision to commute by car versus public transportation in terms of a conflict between immediate self-interest and long-term collective interest (i.e. social dilemma). Extending traditional formulations of rational choice theory, the present study revealed that preferences for public transportation (i.e. the presumed cooperative option) in a standard commuting situation were enhanced not only by…
Movement in social orientations: A commentary on Kelley
After reviewing some classic contributions to the truly social social–psychological literature (Lewin, Horney, Festinger), this commentary outlines how and why Kelley's analysis extends and complements more traditional approaches to interdependence. Three strengths are emphasized, suggesting that Kelley's analysis (a) offers a much-needed situation-based taxonomy for different social orientations and interpersonal phenomena, (b) serves the ecolog…
Dilemmas of academic practice: Perceptions of superiority among social psychologists
The current research examines social psychologists' beliefs regarding the probability of self and others to engage in desirable and undesirable actions relevant to solving dilemmas of academic practice (e.g. openly discussing versus concealing complex effects in a paper). Consistent with hypotheses, results revealed that social psychologists believed that others are more likely than they themselves to engage in undesirable actions and less likely…
An interdependence analysis of commuting decisions
The current research advances an interdependence analysis of commuting decisions (i.e. commuting by car versus public transportation), delineating the determinants of an individual's outcomes in terms of own decisions, other commuters' decisions, and the combination or interaction of own and others' decisions (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978). Consistent with hypotheses, findings revealed that a concern with comfort led to a higher overall personal prefer…
Dilemmas of academic practice: Perceptions of superiority among social psychologists
The current research examines social psychologists' beliefs regarding the probability of self and others to engage in desirable and undesirable actions relevant to solving dilemmas of academic practice (e.g.openly discussing versus concealing complex effects in a paper).Consistent with hypotheses, results revealed that social psychologists believed that others are more likely than they themselves to engage in undesirable actions and less likely t…
From game theory to real life: How social value orientation affects willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close relationships
This research adopted an interdependence analysis of sacrifice, examining the link between commitment (i.e., the subjective experience of dependence and long-term orientation) and willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close relationships, and determining whether this link is moderated by preexisting individual differences in social value orientation (i.e., prosocial, individualistic, or competitive orientation).Consistent with hypotheses, results o…
Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence
The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this…
Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships
The authors advance an interdependence analysis of willingness to sacrifice.Support for model predictions was revealed in 6 studies (3 cross-sectional survey studies, 1 simulation experiment, 2 longitudinal studies) that used a novel self-report measure and a behavioral measure of willingness to sacrifice.Willingness to sacrifice was associated with strong commitment, high satisfaction, poor alternatives, and high investments; feelings of commitm…
The boundaries of reciprocal cooperation
The current research examines the role of social value orientation in determining the extent to which individuals are inclined to reciprocate cooperation exhibited by others perceived as either honest, intelligent, or unintelligent. Results revealed that individuals with prosocial orientation reciprocated high levels of cooperation regardless of other's characteristics. Individuals with proself orientation (i.e. individualists and competitors) ex…
Being more honest but not necessarily more intelligent than others: Generality and explanations for the Muhammad Ali effect
This research provides evidence for the generality of the Muhammad Ali effect (Allison, Messick, & Goethals, 1989), demonstrating that Dutch participants believe that the trait honesty is more descriptive of the self than of others, whereas the trait intelligence is believed to be equally descriptive of the self and others. Congruent with proposed explanations for the Muhammad Ali effect, participants regard honesty as more desirable, more contro…
Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships
On the basis of an interdependence analysis, it is proposed that commitment to a close relationship is associated with cognitive interdependence—a mental state characterized by a pluralistic, collective representation of the self-in-relationship. A cross-sectional survey study and a 2-wave longitudinal study revealed that strong commitment to a romantic relationship is associated with greater spontane-ous plural pronoun usage, greater perceived u…
Being better than others but otherwise perfectly normal: Perceptions of uniqueness and similarity in close relationships
The current research addresses individuals' self‐generated thoughts regarding their own and others' relationships, examining the ways in which perceptions of uniqueness and similarity are manifested in judgments regarding own and others' responses to dissatisfying incidents. Consistent with the uniqueness bias, participants characterized their own relationships by a greater number of constructive responses and a smaller number of destructive resp…
Impression formation and cooperative behavior
Two studies investigated how behavioral information about the morality or intelligence of another person influences impressions, expectations of cooperative behavior, and own cooperation in a mixed-motive interdependence situation. Consistent with the morality-importance hypothesis results revealed that morality information influenced impressions, expectations of other's cooperative behavior, as well as own cooperation more strongly than intellig…
Locomotion in social dilemmas: How people adapt to cooperative, tit-for-tat, and noncooperative partners
The authors address locomotion in social dilemmas, examining the influence of social value orientation (prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations) and partner's strategy (100 % cooperation, tit for tat, and 100 % noncooperation) on cooperative behavior and locomotion to enhanced or reduced levels of interdependence (tendencies toward approach vs. avoidance). Extending prior research on behavioral assimilation (e.g., H. H. Kelley & …
The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientation
The author provides a conceptual framework for understanding differences among prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations.Whereas traditional models conceptualize prosocial orientation in terms of enhancing joint outcomes, the author proposes an integrative model of social value orientation in which prosocial orientation is understood in terms of enhancing both joint outcomes and equality in outcomes.Consistent with this integrative…
Beyond Self-interest: A Set of Propositions Relevant to Interpersonal Orientations
After describing limitations of the assumption of rational self-interest, which has dominated considerable theory in the social and behavioral sciences, I advance six propositions relevant to our understanding of interpersonal orientations. Based on empirical research, as well as principles of interdependence theory, it is argued that the power of individualistic orientation, while important, tends to be overestimated (Proposition 1), and that th…
Perceived superiority in close relationships: Why it exists and persists
Two studies used a thought-listing technique to examine perceived superiority, or the inclination to regard one's own relationship as better than (and not as bad as) others' relationships. Consistent with the claim that this is a motivated phenomenon-and motivated in part by strong commitment-Study 1 revealed that (a) tendencies toward perceived superiority and (b) the commitment-superiority link are both strongest given psychologically threateni…
An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
The Atlas of Interpersonal Situations provides a systematic theoretical account for understanding the impact of situations on patterns of social interaction. Structured around descriptions of twenty-one of the most common situations that people encounter in everyday life, the authors aim to provide readers with the tools needed to understand how those situations influence interpersonal behavior. These descriptions are intended to be freestanding,…
Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: The roles of social responsibility and reciprocity
Two studies examined the choice differences between prosocials and proselfs by examining the influence of norms of social responsibility and reciprocity. In line with the integrative model of social value orientation, it was expected that prosocials differ from proselfs in their level of cooperation because they wish to maximize own and other's outcomes (i.e. paralleling the norm of social responsibility) and enhance equality in outcomes (i.e. pa…
How to overcome the detrimental effects of noise in social interaction: The benefits of generosity
Interpersonal misunderstanding is often rooted in noise, or discrepancies between intended and actual outcomes for an interaction partner due to unintended errors (e.g., not being able to respond to an E-mail because of a local network breakdown). How can one effectively cope with noise in social dilemmas, situations in which self-interest and collective interests are conflicting? Consistent with hypotheses, the present research revealed that inc…
Psychology (109 works) · Social Psychology (101 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (50 works) · Social Psychology (42 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (39 works) · Political science (38 works) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (34 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation (26 works) · Prosocial behavior (24 works)