Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Understanding what students bring to the classroom

Moderators of the effects of diversity courses on student attitudes

Bibliographic Data

ID12475017
AuthorsElizabeth R Cole (0000-0002-3124-5858, University of Michigan, corresponding author), Kim A Case (0000-0002-0914-6458, University of Houston - Clear Lake), Desdamona Rios (0000-0001-5073-0720, Bowdoin College), Nicola Curtin (0000-0003-2012-3932, Clark University)
Year2011
Volume17
Issue4
Pages397-405
Publication date2011-10-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueCultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1099-9809 • E-ISSN: 1939-0106
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1037/a0025433
PMID21988579
OpenAlexW2106340022
LanguageEN
Citations received27
References cited36

We investigated the impact of required diversity courses on students' understanding of racial inequality and their social development with regard to racial outgroups, with a specific focus on the effects of student race and empathy as moderators of diversity course effectiveness. First-semester students (N = 173), enrolled in either diversity courses or introduction to psychology, completed surveys at the beginning and end of the semester. Diversity courses increased understanding of White privilege, acknowledgment of blatant racism, and intersectional consciousness overall, but had a greater impact on intersectional consciousness for White students compared with students of color. White students taking diversity courses experienced a reduction in Protestant work ethic ideology that was absent for White students in psychology courses and for all students of color. Notably, empathy moderated the effect of diversity courses on both outgroup comfort and willingness to act to promote diversity

Consciousness raising · Diversity (politics · Empathy · Ethnic group · Ingroups and outgroups · Outgroup · Pedagogy · Privilege (computing · Racism · Sociology · White (mutation · Communication in Education and Healthcare · Counseling Practices and Supervision · Gender Studies · Mentoring and Academic Development · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • A meta-analytical integration of over 40 years of research on diversity training evaluation

    Katerina Bezrukova, Chester S Spell et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2016

  • Campus Racial Incidents, Hate Crimes, and White Male and Female Students’ Racial Attitudes

    Juan Carlos Garibay, Felisha A Herrera et al.•The Journal of Higher Education•2019

  • Learning Race to Unlearn Racism

    Janine De Novais, George Spencer•The Journal of Higher Education•2018

  • Explaining differences in Black and White students’ expected academic success

    Open Access•Ayarri Moore, Tammy L Sonnentag et al.•SN Social Sciences•2022

  • Understanding Racism as Systemic

    Open Access•Cyndi Kernahan, Erik T Withers•Sociological Inquiry•2026

  • Framing and Efficacy of University-Required Diversity Courses in the Research Literature

    Open Access•Christine Zabala‐Eisshofer•Review of Educational Research•2023

  • The Queer Failure of Diversity Coursework

    Open Access•Christine Zabala‐Eisshofer•Educational Theory•2025

  • Who Should Learn About Race in School? Lay Theories About the Relevance of Lessons About Race to Students of Color and White Students

    Open Access•Kimberly A Bourne, Annie Xiyang Xu et al.•Social Psychological and…•2026

  • How Social Networking Use and Beliefs About Inequality Affect Engagement With Racial Justice Movements

    Open Access•Jaboa Lake, Jaboa Shawntaé Lake et al.•Race and Justice•2021

  • Racially liberatory pedagogy

    Milagros Castillo‐Montoya, Joshua Abreu et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Challenging the Status Quo

    Open Access•Nicola Curtin, A J Stewart et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2015

  • Ambivalent White Racial Consciousness

    Nkiru Nnawulezi, Kim A Case et al.•Women & Therapy•2020

  • The Case for Integrating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion into Criminology and Criminal Justice Doctoral Programs

    Open Access•Natalie Rivera, Kaelyn Sanders et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice…•2025

  • Color-blind racial ideology

    H A Neville, Germine H Awad et al.•American Psychologist•2013

  • A Contested Cultural Space

    Open Access•Catasha Davis, Michael C Thornton et al.•Communication & Sport•2017

  • Do diversity courses improve college student outcomes? A meta-analysis

    Nida Denson, Nicholas A Bowman et al.•Journal of Diversity in Higher…•2020

  • Using Theatre to Change Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Students

    Susan V Iverson, Christin L Seher•Journal of LGBT Youth•2014

  • Construals of self and group

    Open Access•J Tawa, Amanda Kay Montoya•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2018

  • What’s hard work got to do with it? Diversity course impact on meritocracy beliefs and dialogue about race

    Open Access•Aaron Castelán Cargile, Yuping Mao et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Intersecting sexual identities, oppressions, and social justice work

    Open Access•Ella Ben Hagai, Rachelle Annechino et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2020

  • Reflecting on Heterosexual and Male Privilege

    Open Access•Kim A Case, Rachel Hensley et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2014

  • Intersectional patterns of prejudice confrontation by White, heterosexual, and cisgender allies

    Open Access•Kim A Case, Desdamona Rios et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2020

  • Unpacking Student-Facing Rationales for University Required Diversity Coursework

    Christine Zabala‐Eisshofer•The Journal of Higher Education•2025

  • Do Parents Matter? Examination of White College Students’ Intergroup Experiences and Attitudes

    Open Access•Hsin-Ya Liao, Lisa B Spanierman et al.•The Counseling Psychologist•2017

  • The differential impact of discrimination on health among Black and White women

    Open Access•H S Versey, Nicola Curtin•Social Science Research•2016

  • Religious and Spiritual Beliefs Uniquely Predict Poverty Attributions

    Open Access•Brett A Boeh Bergmann, Nathan R Todd•Social Justice Research•2019

  • Transformative Learning

    Open Access•Jonathan Bullen, Lynne D Roberts et al.•The Australian Journal of…•2019

  • The Social Psychology of Stigma

    Todd F Heatherton, Robert E Kleck et al.•The Social Psychology of Stigma•2000

  • Framing Inequity Safely

    Open Access•Brian S Lowery, Eric D Knowles et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2007

  • Diversity and Higher Education

    Patricia Gurin, Eric L Dey et al.•Harvard Educational Review•2002

  • The current state of empathy research.

    Changming Duan, Clara E Hill•Journal of Counseling Psychology•1996

  • Post-hoc Probing of Significant Moderational and Mediational Effects in Studies of Pediatric Populations

    Grayson N Holmbeck•Journal of Pediatric Psychology•2002

  • Inequality as Ingroup Privilege or Outgroup Disadvantage

    Open Access•Adam A Powell, Nyla R Branscombe et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2005

  • Raising White Privilege Awareness and Reducing Racial Prejudice

    Open Access•Kim A Case•Teaching of Psychology•2007

  • Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies

    Open Access•John T Jost, Orsolya Hunyady•Current Directions in Psychological…•2005

  • College diversity courses and cognitive development among students from privileged and marginalized groups

    Nicholas A Bowman•Journal of Diversity in Higher…•2009

  • The Protestant Work Ethic

    Open Access•Sheri R Levy, Tara West et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2006

  • Fostering Meaningful Racial Engagement Through Intergroup Dialogues

    Open Access•Biren A Nagda, Ximena Zúñiga•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2003

  • Using outgroup comfort to predict Black students' college experiences

    Elizabeth R Cole, Tiffany Yip•Cultural Diversity & Ethnic…•2008

  • Intersectional Political Consciousness

    Open Access•Ronni Michelle Greenwood•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2008

  • What Happens When We Unpack the Invisible Knapsack? Intersectional Political Consciousness and Inter-group Appraisals

    Open Access•Ronni Michelle Greenwood, Aidan Christian•Sex Roles•2008

  • Interethnic Contact, Curriculum, and Attitudes in the First Year of College

    Open Access•Gretchen E Lopez•Journal of Social Issues•2004

  • Years After Brown v. Board of Education

    Open Access•Sabrina Zirkel, Nancy Cantor•Journal of Social Issues•2004

  • Learning about Difference, Learning with Others, Learning to Transgress

    Open Access•Birenee A Nagda, Chan‐woo Kim et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2004

  • The Next Generation of Diversity and Intergroup Relations Research

    Open Access•Sylvia Hurtado•Journal of Social Issues•2005

  • Race, Class and the Dilemmas of Upward Mobility for African Americans

    Open Access•Elizabeth R Cole, Safiya R Omari•Journal of Social Issues•2003

  • Negotiating the American Dream

    Open Access•Nancy E Hill, Kathryn E Torres et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2010

  • The Benefits of Diversity in Education for Democratic Citizenship

    Open Access•Patricia Gurin, Biren A Nagda et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2004

  • Learning about Social Diversity

    Donna Henderson‐king, Donna Henderson-King et al.•The Journal of Higher Education•2000

  • The Obama effect

    Open Access•E Ashby Plant, Patricia G Devine et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Emotional Reactions to Interracial Achievement Outcomes 1

    Open Access•Walter G Stephan, Cookie White Stephan•Journal of Applied Social…•1989

  • Mapping the Margins

    Kimberlé Crenshaw, Kimberlé W Crenshaw•Stanford Law Review•1991

  • Education and Understanding Structural Causes for Group Inequalities

    Open Access•Gretchen E Lopez, Patricia Gurin et al.•Political Psychology•1998

  • Ethnic Identity, Legitimizing Ideologies, and Social Status

    Open Access•Shana Levin, Jim Sidanius et al.•Political Psychology•1998

  • Racial ambivalence and American value conflict

    Irwin Katz, R Glen Ha et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1988

  • Construction and initial validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS)

    H A Neville, Roderick L Lilly et al.•Journal of Counseling Psychology•2000

  • Measuring individual differences in empathy

    Mark H Davis•Journal of Personality and Social…•1983

  • Intersectionality and research in psychology

    Elizabeth R Cole•American Psychologist•2009

  • The Social Psychology of Stigma

    Brenda Major, Lia O’brien et al.•Annual Review of Psychology•2004

  • Getting All Students to Listen

    Open Access•Elizabeth Higginbotham•American Behavioral Scientist•1996

  • Generation Gaps in Attitudes Toward Sexist/Nonsexist Language

    Open Access•Janet B Parks, Mary Ann Roberton•Journal of Language and Social…•2008

  • Explaining Age and Gender Effects on Attitudes toward Sexist Language

    Open Access•Janet B Parks, Mary Ann Roberton•Journal of Language and Social…•2005

  • Black Students on White Campuses

    Open Access•Elizabeth R Cole, Kimberly R Jacob Arriola et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2007

Unique citing works27
Citations per year2,08
Citation span2013 - 2026 (14)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 26

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae