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International practices

Bibliographic Data

ID12915968
AuthorsEmanuel Adler (0000-0003-3464-2143, University of Toronto, corresponding author), Vincent Pouliot (0000-0002-1820-5376, McGill University, corresponding author)
Year2011
Volume3
Issue1
Pages1-36
Publication date2011-02-18
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Theory (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1752-9719 • E-ISSN: 1752-9727
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s175297191000031x
OpenAlexW4238788511
LanguageEN
Citations received474
References cited80

In this article, we approach world politics through the lens of its manifold practices, which we define as competent performances. Studying International Relations (IR) from the perspective of international practices promises three key advances. First, by focusing on practices in IR, we can understand both IR theory and international politics better or differently. World politics can be conceived as structured by practices, which give meaning to international action, make possible strategic interaction, and are reproduced, changed, and reinforced by international action and interaction. This focus helps broaden the ontology of world politics, serves as a focal point around which debates in IR theory can be structured, and can be used as a unit of analysis that transcends traditional understandings of ‘levels of analysis’. We illustrate what an international practice is by revisiting Thomas Schelling's seminal works on bargaining. Second, with the help of illustrations of deterrence and arms control during the Cold War and of post-Cold War practices such as cooperative security, we show how practices constitute strategic interaction and bargaining more generally. Finally, a practice perspective opens an exciting and innovative research agenda, which suggests new research questions and puzzles, and revisits central concepts of our discipline, including power, history, and strategy

Action (physics · Cold war · Epistemology · International relations · International relations theory · International security · Law and economics · Perspective (graphical · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Computer Science · International Relations and Foreign Policy · Law · Peacebuilding and International Security · Political Conflict and Governance

  • From actors to practices

    Open Access•Yahor Azarkevich•Post-Soviet Affairs•2026

  • When Can We Know Practices? Rules, Logics, and Epistemologies of Practice in IR

    Open Access•August Danielson•International Political Sociology•2026

  • Making Grand Strategy in Practice

    Christian Bueger, Frank Gadinger•Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy•2021

  • Rule in International Politics

    Open Access•Michael Zürn, Christopher Daase et al.•Rule in International Politics•2023

  • Questioning the ‘Gold Standard’ Thinking in Qualitative Methods from a Practice Theoretical Perspective

    Open Access•Bente Halkier•Methodological Reflections on…•2017

  • Doing Democracy Differently

    Open Access•Henrike Knappe•Doing Democracy Differently•2016

  • Polycentrism

    F Zelli, Lasse Gerrits et al.•Polycentrism•2023

  • Doing Democracy Differently

    Open Access•Henrike Knappe•Doing Democracy Differently•2017

  • Restraint in International Politics

    Open Access•Brent J Steele•Restraint in International Politics•2019

  • Practice Theory and International Relations

    Silviya Lechner, Mervyn Frost•Practice Theory and International…•2018

  • International practices

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler, Vincent Pouliot•International Practices•2011

  • Epistemic arbitrage

    Leonard Seabrooke•Journal of Professions and…•2014

  • A Genealogy of Bamboo Diplomacy

    Jittipat Poonkham•Genealogy of Bamboo Diplomacy•2022

  • Pragmatism, Practice and the Value of Security 1

    Jonna Nyman•Ethical Security Studies•2016

  • The French return to Nato

    Pernille Rieker•European Security•2013

  • Strategic partnerships, international politics and IR theory

    Andriy Tyushka, Lucyna Czechowska•States, International Organizations…•2019

  • Setting Status in Stone

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•Status in World Politics•2014

  • From Expert Communities to Epistemic Arrangements

    Open Access•Christian Bueger•Global Politics of Science and…•2014

  • Organization Theory and Cooperation and Conflict Among International Organizations

    Open Access•Michael Lipson•Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organiza…•2017

  • Two conceptions of international practice

    Open Access•Mervyn Frost, Silviya Lechner•Review of International Studies•2016

  • Meta-Moves

    Open Access•Janis Grzybowski, Zeynep Gulsah Capan•International Political Sociology•2026

  • Norm Contestation in Latin America

    Open Access•Juan Camilo Aguirre, Cristian Ovando Santana•International Political Sociology•2026

  • Principals, Agents, and the Discipline of Planning

    Open Access•William D O’Connell•International Studies Quarterly•2026

  • The Polysemy of Security Community-Building

    Open Access•Stéphanie Martel•International Studies Quarterly•2020

  • A Rose by Any Other Name”

    Open Access•Caterina Carta•International Studies Review•2018

  • CAN IR Hear? Grasping the Global Politics of Languages

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•Global Studies Quarterly•2025

  • What Isn't a Norm? Redefining the Conceptual Boundaries of “Norms” in the Human Rights Literature

    Open Access•Michelle Jurkovich•International Studies Review•2019

  • Just Theater!”—How Self-Legitimation Practices Can Backfire in International Organizations

    Open Access•Ben Christian•Global Studies Quarterly•2024

  • Symbolic practices of legitimation

    Open Access•Philipp Olbrich, D Shim•International Relations of the…•2017

  • Forum

    Open Access•Jok Madut Jok, Dapo Oyewole et al.•International Studies Perspectives•2026

  • Forum

    Open Access•Matthias Hofferberth, Daniel Lambach et al.•International Studies Review•2022

  • Agential Constructivism and Change in World Politics

    Open Access•Jo Anna Grant, J Andrew Grant•International Studies Review•2018

  • Crisis and Transformative Learning in Communities of Practice

    Open Access•Niklas Bremberg, Elsa Hedling•Global Studies Quarterly•2024

  • Cultivating Communities of Practice

    Open Access•Federica Bicchi•Global Studies Quarterly•2024

  • The ‘Chinese Dream’ and the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’

    Open Access•Dylan Ming Hui Loh•International Relations of the…•2019

  • The Territorialization of Cyberspace

    Open Access•Daniel Lambach•International Studies Review•2019

  • Crisis as practice

    Nikita Neklyudov, Andrey Baykov et al.•Полис Политические исследования•2023

  • How Expert Committees Become Group Agents

    Open Access•Monika Heupel, Marlene Joger•International Studies Quarterly•2023

  • Sand in the Gears

    Open Access•Gadi Heimann, Z Kampf•Foreign Policy Analysis•2025

  • Filthy Lapdogs,” “Jerks,” and “Hitler”

    Open Access•Élise Rousseau, Stephane J Baele•International Studies Review•2020

  • The Benefits of Friendliness

    Open Access•Gadi Heimann, Z Kampf•Foreign Policy Analysis•2022

  • From Doctrine to Practice

    Open Access•Andriy Tyushka•International Studies Review•2020

  • Moving Beyond the CNN Effect or Stuck in the Middle? How Relational Sociology Remaps Media and Security Studies

    Open Access•Adam Lusk•International Studies Review•2018

  • Lateral Relations in World Politics

    Open Access•Alejandro M Peña, Thomas Davies•International Studies Review•2022

  • It's Ordered Chaos

    Open Access•Maria Koinova, Maryam Zarnegar Deloffre et al.•International Studies Review•2021

  • When an International Organization Fails to Legitimate

    Open Access•Leonard Schütte, Hylke Dijkstra•Global Studies Quarterly•2023

  • The Dog That Did Not Bark, the Dog That Did Bark, and the Dog That Should Have Barked

    Open Access•Amir Lupovici•International Studies Review•2021

  • Rethinking Roles

    Bernardo Teles Fazendeiro•International Studies Review•2016

  • Beyond State and Hegemony

    Open Access•Kevork Oskanian•International Studies Quarterly•2023

  • Reflexive Pluralism in IR

    Open Access•W R Nadège Compaoré, Stéphanie Martel et al.•International Studies Perspectives•2021

  • The use of digital diplomacy as a tool for symbolic violence

    Open Access•Sherzod Arapov, Timur Dadabaev et al.•Cambridge Journal of Eurasian…•2017

  • Ritual, emotion, and change in world politics

    Open Access•Emma Hutchison, R Bleiker•International Theory•2026

  • Preserving the ‘pecking order’ in Europe’s diplomatic hierarchies

    Open Access•Martino Lovato, Karolina Pomorska•Cambridge Review of International…•2026

  • Geopolitics and Nationality in Chilean Foreign Policy Relating to Border Regions

    Open Access•Cristian Ovando Santana, Gonzalo Álvarez•Latin American Perspectives•2026

  • ‘Inside’ the AI Act Negotiations

    Open Access•Matilde Bro•JCMS Journal of Common Market…•2026

  • Power in practice

    Open Access•Ludovica Marchi•Australian and New Zealand…•2022

  • The Bureaucratic Competency

    Open Access•Emilie Dairon•Swiss Journal of Sociology•2023

  • Civil Society at the United Nations Through the Lens of Organizational Sociology

    Open Access•Leah R Kimber•Swiss Journal of Sociology•2023

  • Cambiando prácticas en el campo de la ayuda internacional para el desarrollo

    Open Access•ITESO ITESO, Victor Manuel Olea Contreras•México y la Cuenca del Pacífico•2021

  • Bureaucratic and Market Sources of Epistemic Authority

    Open Access•Miloslav Machoň•Teorie vědy / Theory of Science•2022

  • The Global South contestation narratives and the transformation of military humanitarian interventions in the early 1990s

    Open Access•Chen Kertcher•Cogent Social Sciences•2023

  • “Bridge” States in International Relations

    Open Access•Ivan Loshkariov, I Kopyttsev•Vestnik RUDN International…•2025

  • Of predators and new men

    Open Access•Michael Kiefer•Zeitschrift für Friedens- und…•2022

  • Experiencing Time and Space within the United Nations

    Open Access•Leah R Kimber, Lucile Maertens•Global Policy•2021

  • Controversial Practices

    Open Access•Kari De Pryck•Global Policy•2021

  • ‘Domesticating’ and differentiating the European Union

    Anja Thomas•Politique européenne•2020

  • Climate agreement-making across negotiation and non-negotiation spaces

    Open Access•Sarah Tegas, Carola Klöck et al.•International Environmental…•2026

  • Reframing Legalization, Compliance and Rule by Law as Law as Practice

    Open Access•Stacey M Mitchell•Human Rights Review•2025

  • Stk’larin İnsani̇ Di̇plomasi̇ Alani

    Open Access•Hafize Zehra Kavak•Divan Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar…•2026

  • The Medium, the Message, and the Mission

    Sayumphu Ros, Un Phal et al.•The Journal of Arts Management…•2026

  • Substance- or legitimacy-oriented (de)legitimation of global governance institutions. The double-edged role of complexity

    Open Access•Janne Mendes•Globalizations•2024

  • Sociability in International Politics

    Open Access•D Nair•International Political Sociology•2020

  • The Climatization of Global Politics

    Open Access•Stefan Aykut, Lucile Maertens•The Climatization of Global…•2023

  • Governing Migration Beyond the State

    Andrew Geddes•Governing Migration Beyond the…•2021

  • Arctic governance

    Open Access•Elana Wilson Rowe•Arctic governance•2018

  • Democratism

    Open Access•Hans Agné•Democratism•2022

  • North Africa and the Making of Europe

    Muriam Haleh Davis, MH Davis et al.•North Africa and the Making of…•2018

  • The Micro-Sociology of Peace and Conflict

    Open Access•Isabel Bramsen•The Micro-Sociology of Peace and…•2023

  • Practicing Peace

    Aarie Glas•Practicing Peace•2022

  • A Relational Ethics of Immigration

    Dan Bulley•Relational Ethics of Immigration•2023

  • World Ordering

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler•World Ordering•2019

  • On Resilience

    Open Access•Philippe Bourbeau•On Resilience•2018

  • Why we should see international law as a structure

    Open Access•Adriana Sinclair•International Relations•2021

  • Interpreting foreign policy

    Open Access•Mark Bevir, Oliver Daddow•International Relations•2015

  • The discursive process of resemantisation

    Open Access•A Alejandro, Joshua Feldman•International Relations•2024

  • The development of local knowledge orders

    Hubert Heinelt, Wolfram Lamping•Urban Research & Practice•2015

  • Lost Without Translation? Cross-Referencing and a New Global Community of Courts

    Wiener Wiener, Liste Liste•Indiana Journal of Global Legal…•2014

  • Meanings and practices of accountability in the international development sector

    Open Access•Timothy Wells, Tamas Wells et al.•Development Policy Review•2026

  • Gangster diplomacy and the disordering of international society

    Open Access•Małgorzata Zachara, Małgorzata Zachara-Szymańska et al.•International Politics•2026

  • The evolving Moroccan-European community of practice in green energy transition

    Akram Ezzamouri, Daniela Huber•Contemporary Politics•2026

  • “Vieille banque vs banque nouvelle… still?, The Francesco Guicciardini prize forum”

    Stefano Ugolini•Cambridge Review of International…•2026

  • Peacekeepers Abroad

    Open Access•Bulbul Ahmed•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2026

  • Reconfigurar El Territorio Más Allá Del Estado. Prácticas Transfronterizas Aymara Y Economía Del Saber Médico Andino

    Open Access•Gonzalo Álvarez, Carlos Piñones-Rivera et al.•Chungara•2025

  • Stretching concepts at the cowshed

    Open Access•Milja Kurki•European Journal of International…•2026

  • Modelling norm clarification

    Open Access•Marie Hulthin•European Journal of Politics and…•2025

  • Citizenship and the Practice of Governance in South-East Europe

    Andrew Geddes•European Politics and Society•2015

  • NGO legitimation as practice

    Kathy Dodworth•Critical African Studies•2014

  • Pathways to practice

    Open Access•Christian Bueger•European Political Science Review•2013

  • Before eclecticism

    Open Access•Craig Parsons•International Theory•2015

  • Social bonding in diplomacy

    Open Access•Marcus Holmes, Nicholas J Wheeler•International Theory•2019

  • Progress in Postwar International Relations

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  • Human Agency and Language

    Charles Taylor•Philosophical Papers•1985

  • Legitimacy and Legality in International Law

    Open Access•Jutta Brunnée, Stephen J Toope•Legitimacy and Legality in…•2010

  • Communities of Practice

    Open Access•Etienne Wenger•Communities of Practice•1998

  • European Defence Policy

    Frederic Merand•European defence policy•2008

  • The Invisible Constitution of Politics

    Open Access•Antje Wiener•Invisible Constitution of Politics•2008

  • Through the practice lens

    Open Access•Gessica Corradi, Silvia Gherardi et al.•Management Learning•2010

  • Knowledge and Organization

    John Seely Brown, Paul Duguid•Organization Science•2001

  • Bridging Epistemologies

    Scott D N Cook, S D Noam Cook et al.•Organization Science•1999

  • Constructivism and International Relations

    Emanuel Adler•Handbook of International Relations•2002

  • The practice turn in contemporary theory

    Open Access•Alexander Styhre•Scandinavian Journal of Management•2003

  • Strategic Interaction

    Erving Goffman•Strategic Interaction•1970

  • Symbolic Interactionism

    Herbert Blumer•Symbolic Interactionism•1986

  • Social construction of international politics

    Ted Hopf•Social construction of…•2002

  • Conflict Among Nations

    Glenn Herald Snyder, Paul Diesing•Conflict among Nations•2015

  • Nato in the “New Europe”

    Alexandra Gheciu, Alexandra I Gheciu•NATO in the New Europe•2005

  • Rules, Norms, and Decisions

    Open Access•Friedrich Kratochwil, Friedrich V Kratochwil•Rules, norms, and decisions•1989

  • Perception and Misperception in International Politics

    Robert Jervis•Perception and Misperception in…•2017

  • Deterrence Now

    Open Access•Patrick M Morgan•Deterrence Now•2003

  • Power in Global Governance

    Open Access•Andrew Hurrell, Mark Laffey et al.•Power in Global Governance•2004

  • The Oxford Handbook of International Relations

    Christian Reus-Smit, Duncan Snidal•The Oxford handbook of…•2008

  • Strategic Choice and International Relations

    Open Access•David A Lake, Robert Powell•Strategic Choice and International…•1999

  • The Convergence of Civilizations

    Raffaella A Del Sarto, Emanuel Adler et al.•Convergence of Civilizations•2006

  • Culture and Security

    M C Williams, Michael Williams•Culture and Security•2007

  • Social Theory of International Politics

    Open Access•Alexander Wendt•Social Theory of International…•1999

  • International Security in Practice

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•International Security in Practice•2010

  • Ideas and Foreign Policy

    Judith Goldstein, Robert O Keohane•Ideas and Foreign Policy•1993

  • Reassembling the Social

    Bruno Latour•REASSEMBLING THE SOCIAL: AN…•2005

  • The Logic of Practice

    Pierre Bourdieu•The Logic of Practice•1990

  • Gender Trouble

    Judith Butler•Gender Trouble•2011

  • International practices

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler, Vincent Pouliot•International Theory•2011

  • Reassembling and Dissecting

    Open Access•Christian Büger, Frank Gadinger•International Studies Perspectives•2007

  • Theory Synthesis in International Relations

    Open Access•Andrew Moravcsik, Andrew M Moravcsik•International Studies Review•2003

  • Pragmatism and International Relations

    Open Access•Gunther Hellmann•International Studies Review•2009

  • Of false promises and good bets

    Open Access•Friedrich Kratochwil•Journal of International…•2007

  • Security as Practice — Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War

    Open Access•Rita Floyd•Journal of International…•2007

  • Crisis, What Crisis? Liberal Order Building and World Order Conventions

    Open Access•Marjo Koivisto, Tim Dunne•Millennium Journal of International…•2010

  • Pragmatic Constructivism and the Study of International Institutions

    Open Access•Peter M Haas, Ernst B Haas•Millennium Journal of International…•2002

  • The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space

    Open Access•Richard K Ashley•Alternatives Global Local Political•1987

  • When security community meets balance of power

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler, Patrícia Greve•Review of International Studies•2009

  • Shape-shifting Nato

    Open Access•J Huysmans•Review of International Studies•2002

  • On diplomacy

    Christopher Hill•International Affairs•1987

  • Unarmed Forces

    Robert Legvold, Matthew Evangelista•Foreign Affairs•2000

  • The materials of practice

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•Cooperation and Conflict•2010

  • Anchoring Europe's civilizing identity

    Jennifer Mitzen•Journal of European Public Policy•2006

  • Getting Socialized to Build Bridges

    Michael Zürn, Jeffrey T Checkel•International Organization•2005

  • International Institutions and Socialization in Europe

    Jeffrey T Checkel•International Organization•2005

  • Parapublic Underpinnings of International Relations

    Open Access•Ulrich Krotz•European Journal of International…•2007

  • Activists beyond borders

    Margaret E Keck•Activists beyond borders•1998

  • Dialogues in Arab politics

    Michael N Barnett•Dialogues in Arab politics•1998

  • The social theory of practices

    Stephen P Turner•The social theory of practices•1994

  • Inside/outside

    R B J Walker•Inside/outside•1993

  • The Game Theory of International Politics

    Open Access•Duncan Snidal•World Politics•1985

  • Signaling Foreign Policy Interests

    Open Access•James D Fearon•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1997

  • The Diplomacy of Opting Out

    Open Access•Rebecca Adler-Nissen, Rebecca Adler‐nissen•JCMS Journal of Common Market…•2008

  • Sobjectivism

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•International Studies Quarterly•2007

  • The Logic of Practicality

    Vincent Pouliot•International Organization•2008

  • International Norm Dynamics and Political Change

    Open Access•Martha Finnemore, Kathryn Sikkink•International Organization•1998

  • On Acting and Knowing

    Open Access•Jörg Friedrich, Jörg Friedrichs et al.•International Organization•2009

  • Let's Argue

    Open Access•Thomas Risse•International Organization•2000

  • The emergence of cooperation

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler•International Organization•1992

  • Relations Before States

    Open Access•Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Daniel H Nexon•European Journal of International…•1999

  • The logic of habit in International Relations

    Open Access•Ted Hopf•European Journal of International…•2010

  • Aporia

    Open Access•Roxanne Lynn Doty•European Journal of International…•1997

  • The Spread of Security Communities

    Open Access•Emanuel Adler•European Journal of International…•2008

  • Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms

    Open Access•Ronald R Krebs, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson•European Journal of International…•2007

  • A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations

    Open Access•Stefano Guzzini•European Journal of International…•2000

  • Researching Strategy Practices

    Open Access•Andreas Rasche, Roland Chia et al.•Organization Studies•2009

  • Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn

    Open Access•Iver B Neumann•Millennium Journal of International…•2002

  • Untimely Russia

    Iver B Neumann, Vincent Pouliot•Security Studies•2011

  • Culture in Action

    Ann Swidler•American Sociological Review•1986

  • Ideas and Foreign Policy

    Open Access•Robert Jervis•Political Science Quarterly•1994

  • Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step

    Open Access•Jeffrey W Legro•American Political Science Review•1996

  • Toward a Theory of Social Practices

    Open Access•Andreas Reckwitz•European Journal of Social Theory•2002

  • Power Elites and Everyday Politics in International Financial Reform

    Open Access•Leonard Seabrooke, Eleni Tsingou•International Political Sociology•2009

  • A Theory of Structure

    William H Sewell, William H Sewell William H Sewell•American Journal of Sociology•1992

  • Speech Acts

    Open Access•John R Searle•Speech acts•1969

Unique citing works474
Citations per year31,6
Citation span2011 - 2026 (16)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 472

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