Development and Validation of the Vending Evaluation for Nutrient-Density (Vend)ing Audit

Bibliographic Data

ID15467959
AuthorsTanya Horacek (0000-0002-6069-9939, Syracuse University, corresponding author), Elif Dede Yildirim (0000-0002-9576-5692, Auburn University), Melissa Matthews Schreiber (Syracuse University), Carol Byrd‐bredbenner (0000-0002-8010-3987, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey), Sarah Colby (0000-0002-2956-3072, University of Tennessee at Knoxville), Adrienne A White (0000-0003-2424-7502, University of Maine), Karla P Shelnutt (0000-0002-3799-9212, University of Florida), Melissa D Olfert (0000-0002-6686-3891, West Virginia University), Anne Mathews (0000-0003-3504-5826, University of Florida), Kristin Riggsbee (0000-0002-5384-5504, University of Tennessee at Knoxville), Lisa Franzen‐castle (0000-0003-3680-0619, University of Nebraska–Lincoln), Lisa Franzen-Castle (University of Nebraska–Lincoln), Jesse Stabile Morrell (0000-0002-0758-8519, University of New Hampshire), Kendra Kattelmann (0000-0002-6186-2822, South Dakota State University)
Year2019
Volume16
Issue3
Pages514-514
Publication date2019-02-12
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1661-7827 • E-ISSN: 1660-4601
PublisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (PUBLISHER • CH)
DOI10.3390/ijerph16030514
PMID30759796
OpenAlexW2914912733
LanguageEN
Citations received2
References cited52

Background: This paper describes the development and validation of the Vending Evaluation for Nutrient-Density (VEND)ing audit to comprehensively evaluate vended products based upon healthfulness, price and promotion, and machine accessibility. Methods: A novel vending nutrient-density score was created to determine the healthfulness of vended snack/beverage products. Field tested in United States colleges, VENDing audit (∑nutrient-density + 10 × % healthy products) and Support sub-scores (price + promotion + accessibility) were calculated for snack/beverage machines. Higher scores indicate more healthful vending options and supports for choosing healthfully. Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending (NEMS-V) was used to validate the nutrient-density score for a sub-sample of machines. Sensitivity and specificity were computed by comparing the number of healthy snacks/beverages determined by NEMS-V and the VENDing nutrient-density scores. Results: Researchers conducted the VENDing audit on 228 snack/beverage vending machines at 9 universities within the United States and used both VENDing and NEMS-V on 33 snack and 52 beverage vending machines. Mean VENDing audit scores were 4.5 ± 2.0 (2.6, 3.4) and 2.6 ± 2.0 (0, 12) for snack/beverage machines, respectively. The number of products considered healthy assessed with both the VENDing nutrient-density scores and the NEMS-V were positively correlated for beverages ( r = 0.687, p r = 0.366, p Conclusions: The VENDing audit uses unique, valid, and reliable nutrient-density scoring to evaluate snacks/beverages along a continuum of healthful criteria and comprehensively evaluates the full vending environment

Audit · Biology · Business · Environmental health · Nutrient · Nutrient density · Political science · Promotion (chess · Sample (material · Snack food · Chemistry · Environmental Science · Medicine · Nutrition and Health in Aging · Nutritional Studies and Diet · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet · Food Science · Toxicology

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