The Relationship Between Utterance and Perceived Fluency
A Meta‐Analysis of Correlational Studies
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21360193 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Shungo Suzuki (0000-0002-6327-3298, Lancaster University Department of Linguistics and English Language, Bailrigg Lancaster LA1 4YL United Kingdom, corresponding author), Judit Kormos (0000-0003-4700-1580, Lancaster University Department of Linguistics and English Language, Bailrigg Lancaster LA1 4YL United Kingdom, corresponding author), Takumi Uchihara (0000-0003-4476-534X, Waseda University Faculty of Science and Engineering 3‐4‐1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo 169‐8555 Japan, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 105 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 435-463 |
| Publication date | 2021-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Modern Language Journal (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0026-7902 • E-ISSN: 1540-4781 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/modl.12706 |
| OpenAlex | W3137244216 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 37 |
| References cited | 71 |
Listener‐based judgements of fluency play an important role in second language (L2) communication contexts and in L2 assessment. Accordingly, our meta‐analysis examined the relationship between different aspects of utterance fluency and listener‐based judgements of perceived fluency by analyzing primary studies reporting correlation coefficients between objective measures of temporal features and subjective ratings of fluency. We analyzed 263 effect sizes from 22 studies ( N = 335–746) to calculate the mean effect sizes of the links between utterance and perceived fluency. We also investigated the moderator effects of 11 methodological factors—such as speech stimuli, listeners’ background, rating procedure, and computation of utterance fluency measures—on the relationship between utterance and perceived fluency. Perceived fluency was strongly associated with speed and pause frequency, r = |.59–.62|; moderately with pause duration, r = |.46|; and weakly with repair fluency, r = |.20|; while composite measures showed the strongest effect sizes, r = |.72–.76|. Moderator analyses revealed that the utterance–perceived fluency link is influenced by methodological variables related to how speech samples are prepared for listeners’ judgements and how listeners’ attention is directed in evaluations of fluency. These findings suggest future directions for L2 fluency research and implications for language assessment
Cognition · Cognitive psychology · Fluency · Linguistics · Moderation · Utterance · Verbal fluency test · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Phonetics and Phonology Research · Psychology · Social Psychology · Stuttering Research and Treatment
Bridging the research–pedagogy gap
Development and validation of a fluency rating scale for Swiss German Sign Language
Eco-cultural influences on cognitive flexibility
A dual-pronged corpus-based analysis of pausing behavior and formulaic language
The effectiveness of note taking through exposure to L2 input
The multidimensionality of second language oral fluency
The relationships among L2 fluency, intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness
The role of multiword sequences in fluent speech
Disfluency doesn’t happen in isolation
Task communicative function and oral fluency of L1 and L2 speakers
L2 fluency across tasks
Speech fluency among L1 Arabic elementary and intermediate learners of English as a foreign language
Online task planning and L2 oral fluency
Factor structures of speed and breakdown fluency in EFL learners’ story retelling performances
Perceived L2 oral fluency, working memory, foreign language enjoyment and foreign language anxiety
Exploring unobserved heterogeneity of speech fluency and its dynamic interactions with emotions
How does learners’ L2 utterance fluency relate to their L1? A meta‐analysis
The role of pragmatic markers in perceptions of L2 fluency in dialogue
Exploring the linguistic signature of interpersonal liking in second language interaction
Disentangling the contributions of shorter vs. longer lexical bundles to L2 oral fluency
Exploring English for academic purposes instructors’ perceptions of speech fluency through developing and piloting a rating scale for a paired conversational task
Speech Fluency Production and Perception in L1 (Slovak) and L2 (English) Read Speech
The neural correlates of mid- and end-clause silent pauses in L1 and L2 speech
Feedforwarding diagnostic language assessment
The moderating role of L2 proficiency in the predictive power of L1 fluency on L2 utterance fluency
Exploring the optimal thresholds of silent pauses for measuring second language utterance fluency in monologic and dialogic speaking
Assessment of fluency in the Test of English for Educational Purposes
Measuring Interactional Competence in a Japanese University EFL Speaking Context
Replication research in the domain of perceived L2 fluency
The Poster Carousel in the ESL Classroom
How Does Creativity Affect Second Language Speech Production? The Moderating Role of Speaking Task Type
What Characterizes Comprehensible and Native‐like Pronunciation Among English‐as‐a‐Second‐Language Speakers? Meta‐Analyses of Phonological, Rater, and Instructional Factors
Unveiling the Relationship Between L2 Utterance Fluency and Perceived Fluency in Monologic and Dialogic Speaking
A Multi-Cefr-Level Learner Corpus Study to Quantify Fluency and Accuracy in Speech
Pause Length and Differences in Cognitive State Attribution in Native and Non-Native Speakers
Diving Deep Into the Relationship Between Speech Fluency and Second Language Proficiency
Incorporating Co-occurrence Into the Operationalization of Speech Disfluency for Second Language Pronunciation and Oral Proficiency Assessment
Cognitive Bases of Second Language Fluency
Methods of Meta-Analysis
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Strategic planning, task structure and performance testing
The Relationship Between L1 Fluency and L2 Fluency Development
Methodological Guidance Paper
Linguistic skills and speaking fluency in a second language
Rater Experience, Rating Scale Length, and Judgments of L2 Pronunciation
Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking
Task Repetition and Second Language Speech Processing
Praat script to detect syllable nuclei and measure speech rate automatically
Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis
Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Task-based L2 Research
Using Listener Judgments to Investigate Linguistic Influences on L2 Comprehensibility and Accentedness
A Call for Cautious Interpretation of Meta-Analytic Reviews
How Effective Are Intentional Vocabulary‐Learning Activities? A Meta‐Analysis
Aspects of Fluency Across Assessed Levels of Speaking Proficiency
Rethinking perceptions of fluency
Speech production and second language acquisition
What makes speech sound fluent? The contributions of pauses, speed and repairs
How do utterance measures predict raters’ perceptions of fluency in French as a second language
A multifaceted approach to investigating pre-task planning effects on paired oral test performance
Professional and non-professional raters’ responsiveness to fluency and accuracy in L2 speech
Conceptual and empirical relationships between temporal measures of fluency and oral English proficiency with implications for automated scoring
Spacing effects on repeated L2 task performance
Exploring the construct of interactional oral fluency
Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners
English pronunciation and fluency development in Mandarin and Slavic speakers
Domain definition and search techniques in meta-analyses of L2 research (Or why 18 meta-analyses of feedback have different results)
Toward an understanding of fluency
Exploring the Dynamic Nature of Second Language Listeners’ Perceived Fluency
Database Selection Guidelines for Meta‐Analysis in Applied Linguistics
Task Preparation and Second Language Speech Production
Development of Speech Fluency Over a Short Period of Time
Inhibitory control and the speech patterns of second language users
Does Measuring L2 Utterance Fluency Equal Measuring Overall L2 Proficiency? Evidence From Five Languages
How Big Is "Big"? Interpreting Effect Sizes in L2 Research
To What Extent Are Multiword Sequences Associated With Oral Fluency
The Effects of Repetition on Incidental Vocabulary Learning
Effects of Second Language Pronunciation Teaching Revisited
| Unique citing works | 37 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 7,4 |
| Citation span | 2021 - 2026 (6) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 37 |