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Personality

Bibliographic Data

ID23341007
AuthorsDavid C Funder (0000-0002-7609-706X, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, corresponding author)
Year2001
Volume52
Issue1
Pages197-221
Publication date2001-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueAnnual Review of Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0066-4308 • E-ISSN: 1545-2085
PublisherAnnual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.197
PMID11148304
OpenAlexW4252674617
LanguageEN
Citations received169
References cited97

Personality psychology is as active today as at any point in its history. The classic psychoanalytic and trait paradigms are active areas of research, the behaviorist paradigm has evolved into a new social-cognitive paradigm, and the humanistic paradigm is a basis of current work on cross-cultural psychology. Biology and evolutionary theory have also attained the status of new paradigms for personality. Three challenges for the next generation of research are to integrate these disparate approaches to personality (particularly the trait and social-cognitive paradigms), to remedy the imbalance in the person-situation-behavior triad by conceptualizing the basic properties of situations and behaviors, and to add to personality psychology's thin inventory of basic facts concerning the relations between personality and behavior.

Basic science · Behaviorism · Big Five personality traits · Big Five personality traits and culture · Cognition · Cognitive psychology · Cognitive science · Differential psychology · Epistemology · Personality · Personality development · Personality psychology · Psychotherapist · Theoretical psychology · Trait · Trait theory · Behavioral and Psychological Studies · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Measuring Affective Clarity Indirectly

    Tanja Lischetzke, Ghislaine Cuccodoro et al.•Emotion•2005

  • Snapshots of daily life

    Open Access•Ramona Schoedel, Fiona Kunz et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2023

  • Do people agree on how they and others are acting? Examining the degree of target–observer and observer–observer agreement about current behavior as it changes across situations

    Open Access•Eranda Jayawickreme, Shannon E Holleran et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2022

  • Trait enactments as density distributions

    Open Access•William Fleeson, Mary Kate Law•Journal of Personality and Social…•2015

  • Unveiling an exclusive link

    Kai T Horstmann, John F Rauthmann et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2021

  • Personality in Social Psychology

    Open Access•David C Funder, Lisa A Fast et al.•Handbook of Social Psychology•2010

  • Situations and Dispositions

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • From Situationism to Virtue Theory

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Right Action and ‘The Virtuous Person’

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Phronesis and the Unity of the Virtues

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Practical Intelligence and the Virtues

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Responsibility for Character

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Right Action for Virtue Ethics

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Individuating the Virtues

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • PersonalityThe authors would like to thank William McKinley Runyan for his helpful suggestions on the first edition of this chapter.

    Open Access•Nicole B Barenbaum, David G Winter•Handbook of Psychology, Second…•2012

  • The Enumeration Problem

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Practical Intelligence and the Virtues

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

  • Situations and Broad‐Based Dispositions

    Daniel C Russell•Practical intelligence and the…•2009

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    Open Access•Gerald Matthews, Ian J Deary et al.•Personality Traits•2003

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    Open Access•William Fleeson•Current Directions in Psychological…•2004

  • Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development

    Open Access•Anna Baumert, Manfred Schmitt et al.•European Journal of Personality•2017

  • Precursors and Underlying Processes of Adolescents' Online Self-Disclosure

    Alexander P Schouten, Patti M Valkenburg et al.•Media Psychology•2007

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    Open Access•K V Petrides, A Furnham•European Journal of Personality•2003

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    Gerald Johns, Gary Johns•Academy of Management Review•2006

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    Ryan E Rhodes, Nicole Eleanor Irene Smith•British Journal of Sports Medicine•2006

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    Open Access•Roy F Baumeister, Kathleen D Vohs et al.•Perspectives on Psychological…•2007

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    K V Petrides, Juan‐carlos Pérez‐gonzález et al.•Cognition & Emotion•2007

  • The Theory of Purposeful Work Behavior

    Murray R Barrick, Michael K Mount et al.•Academy of Management Review•2013

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    Open Access•Marc A Brackett, John D Mayer et al.•Personality and Individual…•2004

  • The Mini-Ipip Scales

    M Brent Donnellan, Frederick L Oswald et al.•Psychological Assessment•2006

  • Experience Sampling

    Open Access•Christie Napa Scollon, Chu Kim-Prieto et al.•Journal of Happiness Studies•2003

  • Principles of Situation Research

    Open Access•John F Rauthmann, Ryne A Sherman et al.•European Journal of Personality•2015

  • Multilevel Influences on Voluntary Workplace Green Behavior

    Open Access•Andrea Kim, Youngsang Kim et al.•Journal of Management•2017

  • A Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.

    Richard P Deshon, Jennifer Z Gillespie•Journal of Applied Psychology•2005

  • Standardization of the Cross-cultural[Chinese]Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescents in Hong Kong: A Combined Emic-Etic Approach to Personality Assessment

    F M Cheung•Acta Psychologica Sinica•2008

  • Situation-Based Contingencies Underlying Wisdom-Content Manifestations

    Open Access•Corinne E Zachry, Le Vy Phan et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2018

  • Personality Measures in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project

    James Iveniuk, Edward O Laumann et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2014

  • Willingness to Compromise Scale

    Open Access•Anna Parola•International Journal of…•2023

  • The relation between personality, informal caregiving, life satisfaction and health-related quality of life

    Open Access•Andrea Hajek, Hans‐helmut König•Quality of Life Research•2018

  • Personality Traits and Obesity

    Open Access•Jelena Bagnjuk, Hans‐helmut König et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Associations between Personality Traits, Glycemic Control, and BMI in Persons with Diabetes

    Open Access•Zandra Overgaard Pedersen, Bettina Ewers et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Using Dancesport as an Educational Resource for Improving Institutionalized Children’s Learning Strategies

    Open Access•Gabriela Tomescu, Monica Stănescu et al.•Children•2023

  • Resilience as a Buffering Variable Between the Big Five Components and Factors and Symptoms of Academic Stress at University

    Open Access•Jesús de la Fuente, María Carmen González Torres et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2021

  • Intra- and interpersonal emotion regulation and adjustment symptoms in couples

    Open Access•Andrea B Horn, Andreas Maercker•BMC Psychology•2016

  • Underlying Personality Factors Behind Experiencing Shame, Guilt and Remorse

    Open Access•Sabnam Basu, Braj Bhushan et al.•Psychological Studies•2024

  • Intercultural Competence

    Kwok Leung, Ang et al.•Annual Review of Organizational…•2014

  • Epidemiological Study on Burnout in Spanish Dentists

    Open Access•Cristina Gómez‐Polo, Ana María Martín Casado et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Do judgments about freedom and responsibility depend on who you are? Personality differences in intuitions about compatibilism and incompatibilism

    Open Access•Adam Feltz, Edward T Cokely•Consciousness and Cognition•2008

  • Personality Traits and Test Anxiety

    Open Access•Yuqing Zhang, Jie Liu et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2026

  • How team structure affects interbrain synchronization during creative interaction

    Open Access•Yan Zhao, Qi Liu et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • Influence of personality on work engagement and job satisfaction among young teachers

    Open Access•Jing Li, Meilin Yao et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • Cluster-based characterization of consistencies in individuals' thought profiles at rest in a cohort of 1779 French university students

    Open Access•Sandrine Cremona, Marc Joliot et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • Personality differences as predictors of action-goal relationships in work-email activity

    Open Access•Emma Russell, Stephen A Wood et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2020

  • You have been blocked

    Open Access•Saifuddin Ahmed, Adeline Wei Ting Bee et al.•Telematics and Informatics•2024

  • The Approach‐Avoidance Job Crafting Scale

    Open Access•Elisa Lopper, Kai T Horstmann et al.•Applied Psychology•2024

  • Dispositional causes of burnout, satisfaction, and performance through the fear of Covid‐19 during times of pandemic

    Open Access•Usman Raja, Sadia Jahanzeb et al.•Applied Psychology•2023

  • The Role of Situation Perception in Teaching

    Open Access•Michelle P Martín‐Raugh, Michelle P Martin-Raugh et al.•Teachers College Record The Voice…•2020

  • The role of conscientiousness and cue utilisation in the detection of phishing emails in controlled and naturalistic settings

    Rohan Williams, Rohan B H Williams et al.•Behaviour and Information…•2024

  • Situational Characteristics and Emotional Forgiveness

    Open Access•Sebastian Binyamin Skalski-Bednarz, Loren L Toussaint et al.•Psychology in the Schools•2025

  • The downside of managers

    Open Access•Chaima Lazreg, Lassaad Lakhal•Acta Psychologica•2022

  • You are what you post in “circle of friends” of WeChat

    Open Access•Chenglong Lin, Wei Fang et al.•Global Media and China•2017

  • Gender Differences in Personality Traits and Average Personality States

    Open Access•Lilly Buck, Larissa Doran et al.•Social Psychological and…•2026

  • Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy

    Open Access•John F Rauthmann, Kai T Horstmann et al.•Social Psychological and…•2019

  • You Say the Party is Dull, I Say It is Lively

    Open Access•John F Rauthmann•Social Psychological and…•2012

  • An Exploration of Subjective Situation Dimensions Associated With Situation-Specific Behavior

    Open Access•Robert Griffo, C Randall Colvin•Social Psychological and…•2019

  • Attributes beyond Attitudes

    Open Access•Matthew E K Hall, Gary E Hollibaugh et al.•Journal of Law and Courts•2021

  • Prime minister leadership style and the role of parliament in security policy

    Open Access•Juliet Kaarbo•The British Journal of Politics…•2018

  • The influence of personality traits and social networks on the self-disclosure behavior of social network site users

    Open Access•Xi Chen, Yin Pan et al.•Internet Research•2016

  • The (affective) dispositional approach to job satisfaction

    Open Access•Barry Gerhart•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2004

  • Status, Personality, and Gender Stereotyping

    Open Access•Gwendolyn L Gerber•Sex Roles•2009

  • Personality and Defense Mechanisms in Late Adulthood

    Open Access•Yong Yu, Yong Yu Yong Yu et al.•Journal of Aging and Health•2008

  • Adaptive variation in judgment and philosophical intuition

    Open Access•Edward T Cokely, Adam Feltz•Consciousness and Cognition•2009

  • True lies

    Open Access•Werner Greve, Dirk Wentura•Consciousness and Cognition•2010

  • Analysis of Group Conversations

    Open Access•Oya Aran, Daniel Gatica-Perez•Computer Analysis of Human Behavior•2011

  • Psychological pathways linking income inequality in adolescence to well-being in adulthood

    Lora E Park, Han Young Jung et al.•Self and Identity•2020

  • How implicit self-esteem influences perceptions of self-esteem at zero and non-zero acquaintance

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  • Factors Governing Human Fear of Brown Bear and Wolf

    Maria Johansson, Jens Karlsson et al.•Human Dimensions of Wildlife•2012

  • The do re mi's of everyday life

    Peter J Rentfrow, Samuel D Gosling•Journal of Personality and Social…•2003

  • Psychotherapy in Everyday Life

    Open Access•Ole Dreier•Psychotherapy in Everyday Life•2001

  • Standardization of the Cross-cultural[Chinese]Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescents in Hong Kong

    F M Cheung•Acta Psychologica Sinica•2008

  • Survey‐rated personality traits and experimentally measured coping style and stress reactivity, in wild baboons

    Open Access•Alexander J Pritchard, Ryne A Palombit•American Journal of Primatology•2022

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  • Personality Psychology

    Open Access•Lawrence A Pervin, Lawrence Pervin•Polish Psychological Bulletin•2008

  • Using the PRISM to Compare the Explanatory Value of General and Role‐Contextualized Trait Ratings

    Open Access•Dustin Wood•Journal of Personality•2007

  • Modeling dynamic personality theories in a continuous‐time framework

    Open Access•Martin Hecht, Kai T Horstmann et al.•Journal of Personality•2023

  • A New Twist on Old Questions

    Open Access•Sarah E Hampson, Grant W Edmonds•Journal of Personality•2018

  • Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure

    Open Access•Thomas A Widiger, Paul T Costa•Journal of Personality•2012

  • What Modifies the Expression of Personality Tendencies? Defining Basic Domains of Situation Variables

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  • Personal Characteristics and Resilience to Economic Hardship and Its Consequences

    Open Access•M Brent Donnellan, Katherine J Conger et al.•Journal of Personality•2009

  • Self‐Pity

    Open Access•Joachim Stöber•Journal of Personality•2003

  • Situation‐Based Contingencies Underlying Trait‐Content Manifestation in Behavior

    Open Access•William Fleeson•Journal of Personality•2007

  • Integration of Multidimensional Self‐Concept and Core Personality Constructs

    Open Access•Herbert W Marsh, Ulrich Trautwein et al.•Journal of Personality•2006

  • Public appearances, private realities

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  • Genetics, Temperament, and Personality

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  • Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Personality

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  • Social learning and clinical psychology.

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  • Observing Interaction

    Open Access•Roger Bakeman, John Mordechai Gottman•Observing Interaction•1997

  • Parallel Distributed Processing

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  • Verbal behavior.

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  • Parenting and its Effects on Children

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  • Mini-Markers

    Gerard Saucier•Journal of Personality Assessment•1994

  • Developmental Theories for the 1990s

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  • Sex differences in human mate preferences

    Open Access•David M Bu, David M Buss•Behavioral and Brain Sciences•1989

  • Measurement and Control of Response Bias

    Delroy L Paulhus•Measures of personality and…•1991

  • Beyond Freedom and Dignity

    B F Skinner•Beyond Freedom and Dignity•1979

  • The authoritarian personality

    Theodor W Adorno•The authoritarian personality•1969

  • Social learning theory

    Albert Bandura•Social learning theory•1977

  • Predicting more of the people more of the time

    David J Bem, David C Funder•Psychological Review•1978

  • Why Should We Lower Our Defenses About Defense Mechanisms

    Open Access•Julie K Norem•Journal of Personality•1998

  • The Five‐Factor Model In Personality

    Open Access•Dan P Mcadams•Journal of Personality•1992

  • The Riverside Behavioral Q‐sort

    Open Access•David C Funder, R Michael Furr et al.•Journal of Personality•2000

  • Defensiveness and Defense Mechanisms

    Open Access•Phebe Cramer•Journal of Personality•1998

  • Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology

    Open Access•Roy F Baumeister, Karen Dale et al.•Journal of Personality•1998

  • Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency

    Walter Mischel•American Psychologist•1984

  • Experimental effects and person effects in delay of gratification

    David C Funder, Monica J Harris•American Psychologist•1986

  • Client-centered therapy; its current practice, implications, and theory

    Dwight W Miles•Psychological Bulletin•1952

  • Graduate training in statistics, methodology, and measurement in psychology

    Leona S Aiken, Stephen G West et al.•American Psychologist•1990

  • Capturing the Dynamic Nature of Personality

    Open Access•Carol S Dweck•Journal of Research in Personality•1996

  • Managerial Personality and Performance

    Open Access•Jennifer A Chatman, David F Caldwell et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•1999

  • Millennial Contrarianism

    Open Access•Jack Block•Journal of Research in Personality•2001

  • Exploring the Mind of Testosterone

    Open Access•James M Dabbs, Rebecca Strong et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•1997

  • Personality inference from voice quality

    Open Access•Klaus R Scherer•European Journal of Social…•1978

  • Conceptual and empirical analysis of the typological implications of patterns of socialization and femininity

    Gerald A Mendelsohn, Daniel S Weiss et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1982

  • Adolescents' relationships to siblings and mothers

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  • Contemporary research on parenting

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  • The great response-style myth

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  • Convergence between self and peer in the response-time processing of trait-relevant information

    Robert W Fuhrman, David C Funder•Journal of Personality and Social…•1995

  • Temperament and personality

    Mary K Rothbart, Stephan A Ahadi et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2000

  • Stability and malleability of the self-concept

    Hazel Rose Markus, Hazel Markus et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1986

  • Multiple determinants and effect size

    Stephan Ahadi, Stephan A Ahadi et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1989

  • The roots of ego-control in young adulthood

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  • Higher-order factors of the Big Five

    John M Digman•Journal of Personality and Social…•1997

  • How does personality matter in marriage? An examination of trait anxiety, interpersonal negativity, and marital satisfaction

    John P Caughlin, Ted L Huston et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2000

  • A multimodal analysis of personal negativity

    R Michael Furr, David C Funder•Journal of Personality and Social…•1998

  • Behavior as a function of the situation

    David C Funder, Daniel J Ozer•Journal of Personality and Social…•1983

  • Conceptualizations of human environments

    Rudolf H Moos•American Psychologist•1973

  • Social Cognitive Theory

    Albert Bandura•Annual Review of Psychology•2001

  • Cultural Psychology

    R A Shweder, M A Sullivan•Annual Review of Psychology•1993

  • Sociobiology

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  • The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud

    Drew Westen•Psychological Bulletin•1998

  • Correlation and the coefficient of determination

    Daniel J Ozer•Psychological Bulletin•1985

  • A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description

    Jack Block•Psychological Bulletin•1995

  • Implications of the restricted range of family environments for estimates of heritability and nonshared environment in behavior-genetic adoption studies

    Mike Stoolmiller•Psychological Bulletin•1999

  • Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model

    Open Access•Robert R Mccrae, Paul T Costa et al.•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•1998

Unique citing works169
Citations per year6,76
Citation span2001 - 2026 (26)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 164

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