Structural Racism and Health Inequities
Old Issues, New Directions
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 24315646 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Gilbert C Gee, Chandra L Ford (0000-0001-7684-1840) |
| Year | 2011 |
| Volume | 8 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 115-132 |
| Publication date | 2011-01-01 |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1742-058X • E-ISSN: 1742-0598 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s1742058x11000130 |
| PMID | 25632292 |
| PMCID | PMC4306458 |
| OpenAlex | W2122889339 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 515 |
| References cited | 75 |
Racial minorities bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. These inequities might be explained by racism, given the fact that racism has restricted the lives of racial minorities and immigrants throughout history. Recent studies have documented that individuals who report experiencing racism have greater rates of illnesses. While this body of research has been invaluable in advancing knowledge on health inequities, it still locates the experiences of racism at the individual level. Yet, the health of social groups is likely most strongly affected by structural, rather than individual, phenomena. The structural forms of racism and their relationship to health inequities remain under-studied. This article reviews several ways of conceptualizing structural racism, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects. Studies of disparities should more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities.
health disparities · Immigrants · Immigration policy · intergenerational effects · racial minorities · social segregation · structural racism · Gender, Health, and Social Inequality · Health disparities and outcomes · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Race as Lived Experience
The Toll of Inequality
On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis
Reckoning with Slavery, Colonialism, and Public Health
Mapping Power Through Space
Beliefs about Structural Racism Shape Perceptions of Racial Economic Inequality
Health Inequalities Among Roma Populations in Europe
Racial residential segregation and receipt of breast cancer screening in the United States
From plan to plate
Advancing the Scientific Study of Structural Racism
Group-Based Medical Mistrust and Healthcare Utilization Among Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Adults
Structural Exclusion and Health Inequalities among British Muslims
“Not only standing for, but standing up for diversity”
Adverse birth outcomes and intergenerational exposure to multiple dimensions of structural racism among Black families in the U.S. South
Miles apart
The price of not belonging
The environmental racism index
Air Pollution and Mental Health Among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks
Cautious Citizenship
Racism in healthcare
Immigration and Mental Health
Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health
What Structural Racism Is (or Is Not) and How to Measure It
Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups
The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health
The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
The Health of Undocumented Latinx Immigrants
Racism and Health
Structural racism and health inequities in the USA
Health and strength in the margins
Developing an Index to Measure Structural Racism
Demographic and Health Sorting Among Nursing Home Residents
“I’ve never seen a Black woman chaplain before
Mujeres Indigenas en Tiempos De Pandemia en La Amazonia Ecuatoriana
Il popolo Indigeno dei Sámi e la Conoscenza Ecologica Tradizionale
US Police Department’s Representation in The New York Times Article “George Floyd’s Brother Pleads with Congress
The seemingly ‘protective’ effect of internalised racism on overall health among 780 Black/African Americans
Identifying the social mechanisms for multiracial-monoracial health disparities
Racism and Health
From social to informational exclusion
Meanings of health and healthcare in a U.S. border region
The structural impacts of enforcement policy on Latino immigrant health
Addressing Covid-19 Testing Inequities Among Underserved Populations in Massachusetts
Empirical evidence on structural racism as a driver of racial inequities in Covid-19 mortality
Poverty, Racism, and the Public Health Crisis in America
A qualitative examination of human papillomavirus vaccine access, beliefs, and behaviors among adult males aged 18–35
Promoting Latinx health equity through community-engaged policy and practice reforms in North Carolina
Structural racism theory, measurement, and methods
The Unintended Consequence of Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic on Racial Inequities Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Moderation effect of community health on the relationship between racial/ethnic residential segregation and HIV viral suppression in South Carolina
Barriers beyond behavior
Lost on the frontline, and lost in the data
Vicarious structural racism and infant health disparities in Michigan
The implications of socioeconomic factors on salivary bioscience methodological variables in a large pediatric multi-site study
Past incarceration and chlamydia infection among young Black men in New Orleans
“Remember, we don't have race categories here”
Operationalizing racialized exposures in historical research on anti-Asian racism and health
The Burden of Witnessing
Engage, understand, listen and act
“Dangerous, Demeaning, and Immoral”
Psychology’s Contributions to Anti-Blackness in the United States Within Psychological Research, Criminal Justice, and Mental Health
Wage Disparities in Academia for Engineering Women of Color and the Limitations of Advocacy and Agency
Allostatic Load, Income, and Race Among Black and White Men in the United States
Health Outcomes Among Mena Populations in the United States
Dual pandemics of Covid‐19 and systemic racism
Structural Racism and Immigrant Health in the United States
Racial Capitalism
Feasibility of Problem Management Plus to Improve Refugee Psychological Support in the U.S. Midwest
Community-Engaged, Participatory Team Science
The Future of Public Health Must be Radical
Toward Critically Analyzing Whiteness in Immigrant Health
“I Don’t have a Pile of Money to Take Care of Things”
Racial Disparities in Covid-19 Case Positivity and Social Context
Let’s “Talk” about the police
Exploring the Role of Standardized Instruments and Consultation in Reducing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Treatment for Behavioral Problems
HIV Conspiracy Beliefs Among Black LGBQ+ People
Reflect and Reset
The Case for Advocacy Curricula and Opportunities in Medical Education
Effects of self-affirmation on responses toward graphic cigarette warning labels
Leading the charge in addressing racism and bias
The imperative of critical race theory in social work education amid political threats
A scoping review of the physical health and psychological well‐being of individuals in interracial romantic relationships
Black–White Racial Disparities in Disabilities Among Older Americans Between 2008 and 2017
Race Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence Among Older Men
Structural health vulnerability
A Systematic Review of Student Disability and Race Representation in Universal School-Based Social and Emotional Learning Interventions for Elementary School Students
Food Swamp Versus Food Desert
Structural racism and the urban geography of education
Strengthening lower‐income families
Integrating Individual and Contextual Factors to Explain Disparities in HIV/STI Among Heterosexual African American Youth
A conceptual understanding of the impact of interconnected forms of racism on maternal hypertension through Black Women’s lived experiences
Examining structural racism as the fundamental cause of health inequities among the Indigenous Māori, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Island peoples in the U.S. and Aotearoa New Zealand
Racism and health care
Health literate maternity care of forced migrant women in Germany
Racial discrimination and mental health in the context of anti-Asian xenophobia
Structural Racism-Related State Laws and Healthcare Access Among Black, Latine, and White U.S. Adults
A Multidimensional Approach to Measure Structural Racism and Its Association with Fatal and Nonfatal Community Firearm Violence at the Census Tract Level in New York City
Racial discrimination in the life course of older adults experiencing homelessness
Enhancing Equity in Genomics
Souls in Extremis
Legal Status And Health Insurance Among Immigrants
Racial/Ethnic Group Differences in the Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States
School Bullying Among Adolescents in the United States
Separate And Unequal
Sex-specific, male-line transgenerational responses in humans
Health Care Access, Use of Services, and Experiences Among Undocumented Mexicans and Other Latinos
Racial Discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans
Is Segregation Bad for Your Health?
Moving Upstream
Embodying Inequality
Environmental Health Disparities
Coping with racism
Racial residential segregation
Discrimination and racial disparities in health
Measuring Social Class in US Public Health Research
Black Power
Elusive Citizenship
Operation Gatekeeper
Slavery and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital
A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Institutional and Individual Racial Discrimination and Health Status
Acculturation and Acculturation Stress
The Health and Physique of the Negro American
The Association of Perceived Abuse and Discrimination After September 11, 2001, With Psychological Distress, Level of Happiness, and Health Status Among Arab Americans
Parental English Proficiency and Children’s Health Services Access
Racial Identity Among Hispanics
Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health
Confronting the Moral Economy of US Racial/ Ethnic Health Disparities
Birth outcomes for Arabic-named women in California before and after September 11
Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950
Race and Home Ownership
Immigrant Perceptions of Discrimination in Health Care
Operation Gatekeeper
Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity Attitudes in Relation to Self-Rated Health and Physical Pain and Impairment Among Two-Spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives
Integrated Schools, Segregated Curriculum
Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans
From Arrival to Incorporation
Understanding the Link Between Discrimination, Mental Health Outcomes, and Life Chances Among Latinos
Differences in low-birthweight among documented and undocumented foreign-born and US-born Latinas
Discrimination and health among Asian American immigrants
Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self-rated health in the US
A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research
Rethinking Racism
The American Indian Holocaust
The public health critical race methodology
Beyond acculturation
Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases
Birth outcomes among urban African-American women
Beyond the Census Tract
Persistent Advantage or Disadvantage
Social Conditions As Fundamental Causes of Disease
Brown-Collar Jobs
Housing Discrimination in Metropolitan America
Ethnic Matching of Supervisors to Subordinate Work Groups
Promoting Civil Rights through the Welfare State
Young, Black (& Brown) and Don'T Give a Fuck
Segregation in Social Networks
Incarceration and Stratification
Neighborhood Choice and Neighborhood Change
Race and space in the 1990s
| Citations per year | 34.33 |
|---|---|
| Citation span | 2011 - 2026 (16) |
| Highly cited | Yes |