The Political Economy of Expenditures by the Peruvian Social Fund (Foncodes), 1991-95
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 3484701 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Norbert R Schady, Norbert Schady (World Bank, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2000 |
| Volume | 94 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 289-304 |
| Publication date | 2000-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Political Science Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0003-0554 • E-ISSN: 1537-5943 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.2307/2586013 |
| OpenAlex | W2105309626 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 99 |
| References cited | 40 |
The Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) was created by President Alberto Fujimori in 1991 with the stated objectives of generating employment, alleviating poverty, and improving access to social services. This article uses province-level data on monthly expenditures, socioeconomic indicators, and electoral outcomes to analyze political influences on the timing and geographic distribution of FONCODES expenditures between 1991 and 1995. I reach three main conclusions. First, these expenditures increased significantly before national elections. Second, FONCODES projects were directed at provinces in which the marginal political effect of expenditures was likely to be largest. Third, these projects favored the poorest provinces, which suggests that the program also had a redistributive function. The results are robust to a large number of specifications and controls. The Peruvian data support predictions made in the literature on political business cycles as well as the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds
Demographic economics · Development economics · Distribution (mathematics · Economic growth · Economics · Political science · Politics · Population · Poverty · Public economics · Socioeconomic status · Sociology · Demography · Fiscal Policies and Political Economy · Income, Poverty, and Inequality · Social Policy and Reform Studies
Clientelism and Social Funds
Community-Based and -Driven Development
Labor Market Discrimination and Sorting
The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America
Autocracy and Redistribution
Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside
Government Transfers and Political Support
The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers
Uneven Social Policies
When Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up
Human Capital versus Basic Income
Of texts and practices
Politics or Technical Criteria? The Determinants of Infrastructure Investments in Brazil
Power and the Vote
Who Participates? The Supply of Volunteer Labor and the Distribution of Government Programs in Rural Peru
Procedural Logic and Measurement Devices
The Political Economy of Social Spending by Local Government
Vote Buying in Argentina
The Distributive Politics of Emergency Employment Programs in Argentina (1993-2002)
Partisanship and Protest
The Microfoundations of Political Clientelism
Inequality, Democratization, and De-Democratization
My enemy’s enemies are my friends
Lock-in from within
Conditional Cash Transfers and Homogeneous Spaces
National or political cake? The political economy of intergovernmental transfers in Nigeria
The diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfer programs in the Americas
The political economy of party building
Distributive Politics and Conditional Cash Transfers
Poverty, social networks, and clientelism
Government Subsidies and Presidential Election Outcomes
Does political competition lessen ethnic discrimination? Evidence from Sri Lanka
Do criminally accused politicians affect economic outcomes? Evidence from India
Does delegation of fiscal policy to an independent agency make a difference? Evidence from intergovernmental transfers in India
The political economy of health epidemics
Political Decentralization, Subnational Political Capital, and Intergovernmental Transfers in Korea
Local Managerial Strategies for External Versus Own Source Fiscal Resources
The political economy of regional grants in Peru
The politics of budgetary capture in rentier states
Effectiveness of Food Assistance Programs in Bangladesh
The road to power
Analysing the Relationship between Urban Livelihoods and Water Infrastructure in Three Settlements in Cusco, Peru
Subnational Inequality in Latin America
Patronage, District Creation, and Reform in Uganda
Electoral Risk and Redistributive Politics in Mexico and the United States
Mind the Electoral Gap
Gender and institutions moderate the relationship between conditional cash transfers and political participation
Pobres y electores. Universalidad y focalización de la política social en la República Dominicana 2006-2012
Escravidão, raça e coronelismo
Clientelism
El Partidismo Como Indicador De Reciprocidad Democrática
From Top to Bottom (and Back to the Top Again)
Targeted social policy allocations by “clean” state bureaucracies
Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy (II)
Presidents without Roots
Electoral Rules and the Provision of Early Childhood Education and Care
Attribution And Accountability
When the Pound in People’s Pocket Matters
Theory and Methods in the Study of Distributive Politics
Who Benefits from Distributive Politics? How the Outcome One Studies Affects the Answer One Gets
Party system erosion
Political parties and rallies in Latin America
Cultivating Votes in Rural Chile
Local public goods as vote-purchasing devices? Persuasion and mobilization in the choice of clientelist payments
Counting Calories
When top‐down meets bottom‐up
Geographically targeted spending
Distributive Politics in a Multiparty System
Incorporating Marginal Citizens and Voters
Mass Organization and the Durability of Competitive Authoritarian Regimes
Vote Buying With Multiple Distributive Goods
Political Budgetary Cycles in Autocratic Redistribution
Social Networks and the Targeting of Vote Buying
Beyond Clientelism
Democracy and Human Capital Formation
Investigating elite behavior through field experiment in Brazil
When Payouts Pay Off
Voter Buying
What Drives the Swing Voter in Africa
Pork‐Barrel Politics in Postwar Italy, 1953–94
Factories for Votes? How Authoritarian Leaders Gain Popular Support Using Targeted Industrial Policy
Estudios sobre la distribución política de la inversión pública. Una revisión desde Colombia
Marginal vote seeking in multi member districts
From international organizations to local governments
Does electoral competition affect public goods provision in dominant-party regimes? Evidence from Tanzania
Voting for development? Ruling coalitions and literacy in India
Electoral incentives and distributive politics in young democracies
Party ideology and clientelistic linkage
Domestic migrants' responsiveness to electoral mobilization under authoritarianism
Reditos Y Peligros Electorales Del Gasto Publico En La Argentina
Religious Ideology and Clientelist Linkage in the Middle East and North Africa
The President's 'New' Constituency
Does Voluntary Voting Enhance Partisan Bias? Evidence from Chile
Poverty, Partisanship, and Vote Buying in Latin America
The Societal Consequences of Market Reform in Peru
Does Welfare Provision Promote Democratic State Legitimacy? Evidence from Brazil's Bolsa Família Program
The Politics of Government Expenditures in Tanzania, 1999-2007
Do Hegemonic-Party Regimes Reward or Punish Voters? A Tale of Distributive Politics in Tanzania
The Emergence of de facto Bureaucratic Priorities
Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico
The New Global Economy and Developing Countries
Challenging the State
Political Survival
Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy
The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America
Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis
Empirical Strategies in Labor Economics
The Political Business Cycle
CHAPTER Five. Poverty, Equity, and the Politics of Adjustment
The Structural Adjustment of Politics in Africa
The analysis of household surveys
Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics
The Political Economy of New Deal Spending
Political Control of the Economy
Opportunistic Government or Sustaining Reform? Electoral Trends and Public-Expenditure Patterns in Peru, 1990-1995
State Reform, Coalitions, and The Neoliberal Autogolpe in Peru
The structural adjustment of politics in Africa
Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition
Democracy and authoritarianism in Peru
Markets and States in Tropical Africa
The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics
Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game
Fujimori's 1990 Upset Victory in Peru
Social Spending and Political Support
Economic Reform and Public Opinion in Peru, 1990-1995
Neoliberalism and Lower-Class Voting Behavior in Peru
Public Opinion and Market Reforms
Swallowing the Bitter Pill
The Impact of Personal and National Economic Conditions on the Presidential Vote
"Fujipopulism" and The Liberal State in Peru, 1990-1995
The Political Economy of Elections in Latin America, 1980-1991
| Unique citing works | 99 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,96 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2025 (25) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 98 |