Social Class, School and Non-School Environments, and Black/White Inequalities in Children's Learning
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 4834015 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Dennis J Condron (0000-0002-5994-3033, Emory University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 74 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 685-708 |
| Publication date | 2009-10-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Sociological Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0003-1224 • E-ISSN: 1939-8271 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/000312240907400501 |
| OpenAlex | W2059733685 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 109 |
| References cited | 75 |
As social and economic stratification between black and white Americans persists at the dawn of the twenty-first century, disparities in educational outcomes remain an especially formidable barrier. Recent research on the black/white achievement gap points to a perplexing pattern in this regard. Schools appear to exacerbate black/white disparities in learning while simultaneously slowing the growth of social class gaps. How might this occur? Using 1st grade data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), I test-and find support for-the proposition that school factors play an elevated role in generating the black/white achievement gap while non-school factors primarily drive social class inequalities. These findings help explain why black/white achievement disparities grow mostly during the school year (when schools are in session and have their greatest impact on students' learning) while class gaps widen mostly during the summer (when school is out of session and non-school influences dominate). I conclude by discussing the implications for future research, especially as they pertain to what appears to be the most important contributor to the black/white achievement gap: school racial segregation
Academic achievement · Developmental psychology · Educational inequality · Inequality · Mathematics education · Political science · Social class · Social inequality · Social science · Social stratification · Sociology · Standardized test · White (mutation · Parental Involvement in Education · Psychology · School Choice and Performance · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
A Review of Contemporary Sociological Research on Social Class
Effects of School Racial Composition on K–12 Mathematics Outcomes
Examining the Black–White Achievement Gap Among Low-Income Children Using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
Summer regression—the impact of summer on English learners’ reading development
“It's important for me to give back to the community where I grew up”
Education and polypharmacy
The Effects of Risk Factors and School Support on Educational Aspirations of Chinese Vulnerable Children
Measuring Text-Focused Reading Instruction
The role of opportunity to learn in ethnic inequality in mathematics
Educational inequality as a consequence and cause of race
Human Diversity, Assessment in Education and the Achievement of Excellence and Equity
Is Academic Engagement the Panacea for Achievement in Mathematics across Racial/Ethnic Groups? Assessing the Role of Teacher Culture
Tracking Health Inequalities from High School to Midlife
Contextual Origins of Black-White Educational Disparities in the 21st Century
A Metaregression Analysis of the Effects of School Racial and Ethnic Composition on K–12 Reading, Language Arts, and English Outcomes
Racial Segregation and the Black/White Achievement Gap, 1992 to 2009
Breaking Stereotypes and School Punishment
School Opportunity Hoarding? Racial Segregation and Access to High Growth Schools
A Systematic Review of Barriers to and Facilitators of Early Learning and Childcare Among Black Children and Families in Canada and the USA
Academic Behavior and Performance Among African American Youth
Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children
The Reversal of Mount Laurel’s Regional Contribution Agreements and the Impact on White-Black Academic Achievement Gaps Across New Jersey
How Social Determinants of Health Shape Parental Concern and Teacher Recognition of Student Speech-Language Needs
Differences in Academic Preparedness Do Not Fully Explain Black–White Enrollment Disparities in Advanced High School Coursework
Do Test Score Gaps Grow before, during, or between the School Years? Measurement Artifacts and What We Can Know in Spite of Them
The unbalanced theoretical toolkit
The production of racial inequality within and among organizations
Addressing racial inequalities within schools
A Call for School Counselors to Rethink Strengths-Based Interventions Toward Hispanic Students
Refugee Parents’ Communication and Relations With Their Children
Redistribution et reconnaissance
Challenging the stereotype that minority segregated schools are unsafe
Understanding the role of schools in the Asian-white gap
Conduit for Engagement? School Curriculum and Youth Political Participation in Hong Kong
Covid and the impact on higher education
Relations among language comprehension, oral counting, and numeral knowledge of ethnic and racial minority young children from low-income communities
The Making of a College Athlete
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homework Time among U.S. Teens
Summer Learning Inequality in Ontario
Inequality in skill development on college campuses
Making the Invisible Visible
Child Protective Services and the Achievement Gap
The Inconsistent Curriculum
The family–school interaction
Doing Everything on My Own”
Linking the Process and Outcomes of Parent Involvement Policy to the Parent Involvement Gap
An Analysis of a White Preservice Teacher’s Reflections on Race and Young Children Within an Urban School Context
Race and Ethnic Variations in the Education‐Control‐Distress Model
Habits of the Millennial Heart
Caught Up”
The Effects of Active and Passive Leisure on Cognition in Children
Digging Deeper
School segregation, student achievement, and educational attainment in Hungary
Seasonal Dynamics of Academic Achievement Inequality by Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity
Egalitarianism and Educational Excellence
Diverse Students, High School Factors, and Completion Agenda Goals
How Big is the Handicap for Disadvantaged Pupils in Segregated Schooling Systems
Do Schools Reduce or Exacerbate Inequality? How the Associations Between Student Achievement and Achievement Growth Influence Our Understanding of the Role of Schooling
Coleman Revisited
The Cumulative Disadvantages of First- and Second-Generation Segregation for Middle School Achievement
Latino School Concentration and Academic Performance among Latino Children
The Academic Advantage of Devotion
Moving On from Indices, Refocusing on Mix
Variation in the Relationship between School Spending and Achievement
More Private Schools for Nonnative Students? Migrant Performance in Private Schools of Differing National Contexts
Diverging Disparities
Beyond the Schoolyard
Do School Learning Opportunities Compound or Compensate for Background Inequalities? Evidence from the Case of Assignment to Effective Teachers
Separate and Unequal
Involved Is an Interesting Word
Does Growing Childhood Socioeconomic Inequality Mean Future Inequality in Adult Health
Paternal Incarceration and Children's Schooling Contexts
Equalizers or Enablers of Inequality? A Counterfactual Analysis of Racial and Residential Test Score Gaps in Year-Round and Nine-Month Schools
Decomposing School Resegregation
Medical Adaptation to Academic Pressure
Socioeconomic Inequality in Decoding Instructions and Demonstrating Knowledge
Educational Attainment in the Context of Social Inequality
Coached for the Classroom
"I Need Help!" Social Class and Children's Help-Seeking in Elementary School
Does Ethnicity Matter in Intentions to Study Abroad? Analysis of High School Students in Estonia
I Just Don't Want to Be Judged
Racial Disparities in Context
Public Fathering, Private Mothering
The Black/White Skill Gap in Early Childhood
Family and Schooling Experiences in Racial/Ethnic Academic Achievement Gaps
Race, Skin Tone, and Educational Achievement
Willful Versus Woeful Underemployment
When Money Matters Most
Schools as Refractors
Social Capital and Student Achievement
The Distribution of School Quality
How School Socioeconomic Status Affects Achievement Growth across School Transitions in Early Educational Careers
Fifty Years since the Coleman Report
Kindergarten Black-White Test Score Gaps
Do Differences in School Quality Matter More Than We Thought? New Evidence on Educational Opportunity in the Twenty-first Century
Intergenerational Educational Effects of Mass Imprisonment in America
Classroom Learning Environments and the Mental Health of First Grade Children
Infant Health, Race/Ethnicity, and Early Educational Outcomes Using the ECLS-B
Who Gets Ahead and Who Falls Behind During the Transition to High School? Academic Performance at the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender
The Punishment Gap
Savage inequalities
American apartheid
Growing up with a single parent
When Work Disappears
Black wealth, white wealth
Missing Data
Who teaches whom? Race and the distribution of novice teachers
Using SAS PROC Mixed to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models, and Individual Growth Models
Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education
Hierarchical linear models
Equality of educational opportunity
American Apartheid
Inequality in Social Capital
One Nation, Underprivileged
Being Black, Living in the Red
The Forms of Capital
Applications of Social Capital in Educational Literature
Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School
Majority African American Schools and Social Injustice
Money Might Matter Somewhere
Consequences of growing up poor
Inequality in Social Capital
Change Scores as Dependent Variables in Regression Analysis
Black students' school success
Public Policy, Economic Inequality, and Poverty
An Exchange
Realism, Deweyan Pragmatism, and Educational Research
From Social Ties to Social Capital
Accountability in a Postdesegregation Era
Subverting Swann
Inequality in Preschool Education and School Readiness
Preparing for Power
The Black-White Test Score Gap
Collective Identity and the Burden of "Acting White" in Black History, Community, and Education
Summer Setback
When Bigger Is Not Better
Race, Instruction, and Learning
Winter Setback
Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap
Sibship Size and Intellectual Development
Are Schools the Great Equalizer? Cognitive Inequality during the Summer Months and the School Year
Does Oppositional Culture Exist in Minority and Poverty Peer Groups
The Search for Oppositional Culture among Black Students
When Work Disappears
Education and the Inequalities of Place
Weighing In
A Parent's Economic Shadow
Disparities within
American Schooling and Educational Inequality
School Finance and Opportunities to Learn
Changes in the Black-White Gap in Achievement Test Scores
The Attitude-Achievement Paradox Among Black Adolescents
Cultural Capital
Black-White Differences in Achievement
Stratification and Educational Sorting
Family/School Inequality and African-American/Hispanic Achievement
Why Does It Take a Village? The Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Educational Achievement
Who Should Care for Our Children
How Changes in Families and Schools Are Related to Trends in Black-White Test Scores
No Child Left Behind? Sociology Ignored
Social-Class Differences in Summer Learning Between Kindergarten and First Grade
An Early Start
Secondary School Tracking and Educational Inequality
Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
| Unique citing works | 109 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 6,81 |
| Citation span | 2010 - 2026 (17) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 108 |