Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Listening to Learn or Learning to Listen

Bibliographic Data

ID5846552
AuthorsLarry Vandergrift (corresponding author)
Year2004
Volume24
Pages3-25
Publication date2004-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAnnual Review of Applied Linguistics (BOOK_SERIES)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0267-1905 • E-ISSN: 1471-6356
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s0267190504000017
OpenAlexW2167053930
LanguageEN
Citations received72
References cited52

Listening is probably the least explicit of the four language skills, making it the most difficult skill to learn. This chapter begins with a brief overview of cognitive processes involved in listening and their implications for L2 listening instruction. Recent research (1998-2003) on a variety of instructional techniques to help L2 listeners process linguistic input is then reviewed, noting insights that can inform listening instruction, particularly techniques that can teach students how to listen. Two approaches to listening instruction are presented: an approach to raise metacognitive awareness about listening (favoring top-down processes) and an approach to develop lexical segmentation and word recognition skills (favoring bottom-up processes). An integrated model for L2 listening instruction is proposed. Finally, recent research on different types of listening (e.g., academic listening, bidirectional listening) and the sociolinguistic dimension of listening are reviewed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research. The basic premise underlying this chapter is that, given the critical role of listening in language learning, students need to "learn to listen" so that they can better "listen to learn

Appreciative listening · Reflective listening · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Second Language Acquisition and Learning · Second Language Learning and Teaching

  • Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening

    James Hartley•Applied Linguistics•2007

  • Technology and Listening

    Open Access•Philip Hubbard•Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics•2012

  • Teaching Listening

    Open Access•Larry Vandergrift•Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics•2012

  • Metacognitive Instruction

    Open Access•Hossein Bozorgian, Ebrahim Fakhri Alamdari•Education Research International•2013

  • The Interplay of Willingness to Listen, Metacognitive Instruction, and Awareness in Listening Comprehension

    Elahe Shokri, Hossein Bozorgian et al.•International Journal of Listening•2026

  • L’enseignement De La Compréhension Orale

    Larry Vandergrift•ITL - International Journal of…•2007

  • Shadow-Reading Strategy Effect on EFL Listening Comprehension Skills and Motivation

    Open Access•Faten A Zahran, Edward Owusu•International Journal of…•2020

  • Investigating the Relationship Among Metacognitive Awareness, Self-efficacy, and EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension Performance

    Open Access•Sudarat Payaprom•Theory and Practice in Language…•2022

  • Factors Contributing to the Gap Between Listening and Speaking Skills Performance Among University Students Post Covid-19

    Open Access•Amal Abdelsattar Metwally, Sabreen Ahmed A Hakami et al.•Journal of Language Teaching and…•2022

  • Desenvolvimento da compreensão oral em Português Língua Segunda com recurso a materiais semi-autênticos

    Open Access•Yanping Tang•Entretextos•2021

  • Ensino de português para refugiadas e refugiados

    Open Access•Ana Letícia Carneiro de Oliveira•Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo…•2020

  • The Interface Between Metacognitive Strategy Training and Locus of Control in Developing EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension Skill

    Open Access•Bahador Taherkhani, Seyed Hesamuddin Aliasin et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • Empowering teacher education with jigsaw techniques

    Open Access•Hassan Banaruee, Danyal Farsani et al.•Frontiers in Education•2025

  • Embedding L2 Listening Homework in Metacognitive Intervention

    Open Access•Hossein Bozorgian, Meysam Muhammadpour et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • Optimiser les conditions de réalisation de modules de e-learning pour favoriser la compréhension orale en contexte universitaire japonais

    Open Access•Cédric Belec•Recherches en didactique des…•2024

  • The impact of input format on written performance in a listening-into-writing assessment

    Open Access•Carolyn Westbrook•Journal of English for Academic…•2023

  • Diagnosing l2 English learners’ listening difficulties and learning needs through computerized dynamic assessment

    Yu–Ting Kao, Hung‐Chih Kuo et al.•Interactive Learning Environments•2023

  • Consciously choosing and shaping what to comprehend

    Open Access•Johannes Wagemann, Annika Walter•Current Psychology•2024

  • The Relative Significance of Syntactic Knowledge and Vocabulary Knowledge in Second Language Listening Ability

    Open Access•Payman Vafaee, Yuichi Suzuki•Studies in Second Language…•2020

  • Factors influencing students' listening learning performance in mobile vocabulary‐assisted listening learning

    Open Access•Hui‐Tzu Hsu, Chih‐cheng Lin•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2024

  • How do second language learners go about their listening when they view captioned videos? Replication studies of Taylor (2005), Winke et al. (2013) and Rodgers and Webb (2017)

    Open Access•Michael Yeldham•Language Teaching•2024

  • The Effectiveness of the Flipped Learning Model in Improving Second/Foreign Language Metacognitive Listening Awareness and Strategy Use

    Open Access•Samaneh Azarniyoosh, Ali Roohani•European Journal of Education•2025

  • Exploring the relationship between metacognitive awareness, motivation, and L1 students’ critical listening skills

    Open Access•Heleen Bourdeaud’hui, Koen Aesaert et al.•The Journal of Educational Research•2021

  • Second language listening instruction and learners’ vocabulary knowledge

    Michael Yeldham•IRAL - International Review of…•2023

  • The cognitive load of listening activities of a cognitive-based listening instruction

    Open Access•Mehrak Rahimi, Mehran Sayyadi•Indonesian Journal of Applied…•2019

  • The Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Training and Raising Efl Learners’ Metacognitive Knowledge on Listening Performance

    Open Access•Fatemeh Khonamri, Faezeh Ahmadi•Indonesian Journal of Applied…•2015

  • Effects of web-based metacognitive listening on Chinese university EFL learners' listening comprehension and metacognitive awareness

    Open Access•Tao Pei, Jitpanat Suwanthep•Indonesian Journal of Applied…•2019

  • Study abroad experiences count

    Jian Xu, Xuyan Qiu•Applied Linguistics Review•2023

  • The effects of metacognitive intervention and metacognitive intervention through dialogic interaction on L2 learners’ listening comprehension and cognitive load

    Hossein Bozorgian, Meysam Muhammadpour et al.•Language Awareness•2026

  • Exploring the relationship between metacognitive awareness and listening performance with questionnaire data

    Christine C M Goh, G Hu•Language Awareness•2014

  • Second language listeners interactions with playback controls in technology-enhanced listening

    Mónica S Cárdenas‐claro, Natalia Roldán-Mora et al.•Language Awareness•2025

  • Investigating the relationship between Iranian EFL learners’ use of language learning strategies and foreign language skills achievement

    Open Access•Hamideh Taheri, Firooz Sadighi et al.•Cogent Arts and Humanities•2020

  • The typology of second language listening constructs

    Open Access•Vahid Aryadoust, Lan Luo•Language Testing•2023

  • What Types of Training Improve Learners’ Performances in Second Language Listening Comprehension

    Stéphanie Roussel, Brigitte Gruson et al.•International Journal of Listening•2017

  • Reading versus listening

    Open Access•Mahnaz Aliyar, Anna Siyanova‐chanturia et al.•Modern Language Journal•2026

  • A Brief History of Listening Comprehension in Second Language Teaching and Learning

    Open Access•Mehrdad Nazarieh, Mohammad Hasan Razmi et al.•Education Research International•2022

  • A comparative study between Iraqi and Jordanian EFL students' metacognitive awareness of listening to lectures

    Open Access•Ali Sabah Jameel, Adawiya Taleb Shawaqfeh•International Journal of Health…•2022

  • The students’ perception of advance organizer as a background knowledge building strategy on listening comprehension

    Open Access•Diah Astriyanti, Dwi Rukmini et al.•International Journal of Health…•2022

  • Strategies employed by Iranian EFL freshman university students in extensive listening

    Farinaz Shirani Bidabadi, Hamidah Yamat•International Journal of…•2012

  • The predictive effects of motivational beliefs on listening strategy use

    Open Access•Guohui Du, Deliang Man•International Journal of Applied…•2023

  • The Effect of Listening Strategy Intervention on the Development of Young Learners’ L2 Listening Skills

    Open Access•Pelin İrgin, Munevver Ilgun‐Dibek•International Journal of Applied…•2026

  • Seeing to understand better? The interplay between cognitive traits and nonverbal visual cues in L2 video comprehension

    Open Access•Yeu‐Ting Liu, Wen-Ta Tseng•System•2024

  • Measuring latent listening strategies

    Open Access•John-Michael L Nix•System•2016

  • Exploring the relationship between aural decoding and listening comprehension among L2 learners of English

    Open Access•Zhangxuan Ke, Yun Wang•System•2021

  • Examining whether learning outcomes are enhanced when L2 learners’ cognitive styles match listening instruction methods

    Open Access•Michael Yeldham, Yu-Jing Gao•System•2020

  • The impact of captioning and playback speed on listening comprehension of multilingual English learners at varying proficiency levels

    Open Access•Laura Mahalingappa, Jiaxuan Zong et al.•System•2023

  • Decreasing cognitive load for novice EFL learners

    Open Access•Huifen Lin, Tsuiping Chen•System•2006

  • The impact of verbal and nonverbal auditory resources on explicit foreign language vocabulary learning

    Open Access•Regina Kaplan-Rakowski, Barbara Loranc-Paszylk•System•2019

  • Examining the relationship between decoding and comprehension in L2 listening

    Open Access•Karen Leonard, Karen Ruth Leonard•System•2019

  • Second or foreign language learning through watching audio-visual input and the role of on-screen text

    Open Access•Maribel Montero Pérez•Language Teaching•2022

  • Research into practice

    Open Access•Suzanne Graham•Language Teaching•2017

  • Effects of Group-Dynamic Assessment and Process-Based Instruction on EFL Learners’ Metacognitive Awareness and Listening Comprehension

    Open Access•Armon Rezai, Parisa Ashkani et al.•Journal of Psycholinguistic…•2023

  • Bottom-Up or Top-Down

    Open Access•Christo Moskovsky, Guowu Jiang et al.•TESOL Quarterly•2015

  • Bricks or Mortar

    Open Access•Julaine E Field, John Field•TESOL Quarterly•2008

  • Examining the Interaction between two Process‐based L2 Listening Instruction Methods and Listener Proficiency Level

    Open Access•Michael Yeldham•TESOL Quarterly•2022

  • Metacognition in L2 Listening

    Open Access•Jeremy Cross•TESOL Quarterly•2015

  • Second Language Listening Instruction

    Open Access•Michael Yeldham•TESOL Quarterly•2016

  • L2 listening

    Open Access•Jesús Toapanta•Foreign Language Annals•2022

  • Metacognitive instruction in L2 French

    Open Access•Shannon R Becker•Foreign Language Annals•2021

  • Which approach best promoted low-proficiency learners’ listening performance

    Xin Yuan, Xuan Tang•IRAL - International Review of…•2025

  • Comparing Teacher Priorities and Student Uptake in EMI Lectures

    Open Access•Joseph Siegel•Languages•2022

  • Effects of Metacognitive Strategy Training on Chinese Listening Comprehension

    Open Access•Yanmei Liu•Languages•2020

  • Perfectionism, Self-Efficacy Components, and Metacognitive Listening Strategy Use

    Open Access•Mohammad Hasan Razmi, Ali Akbar Jabbari et al.•Journal of Psycholinguistic…•2020

  • Oral Language and Story Retelling During Preschool and Primary School Years

    Open Access•Asimina M Ralli, Elena Kazali et al.•Journal of Psycholinguistic…•2021

  • EFL Listening, Metacognitive Awareness, and Motivation

    Open Access•Ghazaleh-Sadat Razavi, Ebrahim Fakhri Alamdari et al.•Journal of Psycholinguistic…•2023

  • Suppression and Working Memory in Auditory Comprehension of L2 Narratives

    Open Access•Shiyu Wu, Zheng Ma•Journal of Psycholinguistic…•2016

  • Cross-Language Priming of Word Meaning During Second Language Sentence Comprehension

    Open Access•Yanli Yuan, Dan Woltz et al.•Language Learning•2010

  • Teaching L2 Learners How to Listen Does Make a Difference

    Open Access•Larry Vandergrift, Marzieh H Tafaghodtari•Language Learning•2010

  • The Effect of Listening Strategy Instruction on Second Language Listening Anxiety and Self-Efficacy of Iranian EFL Learners

    Open Access•Jalil Fathi, Ali Derakhshan et al.•SAGE Open•2020

  • Exploring the role of phraseological knowledge and syntactic knowledge in L2 listening comprehension

    Open Access•Lingling Li, Hai Xu et al.•Lingua•2020

  • The Challenges of Listening to Academic Lectures for EAP Learners and the Impact of Metacognition on Academic Lecture Listening Comprehension

    Open Access•Maryam Rahimirad, Mohammad Hossein Rahimi-Rad et al.•SAGE Open•2015

  • A Case Probe into Emotional Experiences of Chinese English Majors in L2 Listening Learning Process

    Open Access•Jian Huang•SAGE Open•2022

  • Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition

    Open Access•J Michael O'Malley, J Michael O’Malley et al.•Learning Strategies in Second…•1990

  • Intentional and incidental second language vocabulary learning

    Open Access•Jan H Hulstijn•Cognition and Second Language…•2001

  • The Effects of Listeners' Control of Speech Rate on Second Language Comprehension

    Yingqi Zhao•Applied Linguistics•1997

  • Between Speaking and Listening

    R Gardner•Applied Linguistics•1998

  • Bottom-up or Top-down Processing as a Discriminator of L2 Listening Performance

    A B M TSUI, Anita M Y Tsui et al.•Applied Linguistics•1998

  • Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning1

    Anita L Wenden•Applied Linguistics•1998

  • Context and content visuals and performance on listening comprehension stimuli

    Open Access•April Ginther•Language Testing•2002

  • Teaching and Researching Listening

    Michael Rost•Teaching and Researching Listening•2015

  • Learners' Perceptions of Listening Comprehension Problems

    Ali Saud Hasan•Language Culture and Curriculum•2000

  • Narrow Listening

    Open Access•Beatrice Dupuy, B C Dupuy•System•1999

  • A cognitive perspective on language learners' listening comprehension problems

    Open Access•Christine C M Goh•System•2000

  • Learning to listen and comprehend

    Open Access•John K Eastman•System•1991

  • The case for narrow listening

    Open Access•Stephen D Krashen, Stephen Krashen•System•1996

  • Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns

    Open Access•Christine C M Goh•System•2002

  • Articulatory and perceptual cues to non-native phoneme perception

    Open Access•Emily Cibelli•Second language Research•2020

  • Listening Strategies in ESL

    Birgit Harley•TESOL Quarterly•2000

  • Seeing through Listening Comprehension Exam Anxiety

    Jane Arnold•TESOL Quarterly•2000

  • Toward an Interactive-Compensatory Model of Individual Differences in the Development of Reading Fluency

    Keith E Stanovich•Reading Research Quarterly•1980

  • Examining the Relationship Between L2 Listening Research, Pedagogical Theory, and Practice 1

    Open Access•Jane E Berne•Foreign Language Annals•1998

  • The Effects of Native Language vs. Target Language Captions on Foreign Language Students' DVD Video Comprehension

    Open Access•Paul L Markham, Paul Markham et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2001

  • Listening with Your Eyes

    Open Access•Tony Harris, T H Harris•Foreign Language Annals•2003

  • Metacognition and cognitive monitoring

    John H Flavell•American Psychologist•1979

  • Research on Negotiation

    Open Access•Teresa Pica•Language Learning•1994

  • Orchestrating Strategy Use

    Open Access•Larry Vandergrift•Language Learning•2003

  • Resource Consumption as a Function of Topic Knowledge in Nonnative and Native Comprehension

    Open Access•Michael D Tyler•Language Learning•2001

Unique citing works72
Citations per year3,6
Citation span2006 - 2026 (21)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 72

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae