Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Masculinities in Cyberspace

An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites

Bibliographic Data

ID5933486
AuthorsR M Schmitz (0000-0002-3173-706X, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, corresponding author), Emily Kazyak (0000-0002-3488-5914, University of Nebraska–Lincoln)
Year2016
Volume5
Issue2
Pages18
Publication date2016-05-12
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Sciences (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2076-0760 • E-ISSN: 2076-0760
PublisherMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/socsci5020018
OpenAlexW2353376611
LanguageEN
Citations received56
References cited45

A growth in cultural ideologies concerned with men and masculinities in contemporary American society has recently emerged. Men's rights activist (MRA) groups embody a movement emphasizing the crisis of masculinity. Despite men's privileged societal status, MRAs seek to establish resources for men to utilize in elevating their perceived subordinated position in society in relation to women and social minorities. Little research has systematically investigated MRAs on the Internet, which is rapidly becoming a primary source of information and social connectedness for people. Through a content analysis of the 12 most prominent MRA websites, we explore the various strategies used by contemporary men's groups designed to provide support for men in their pursuit of social legitimacy and power. Two primary categories of MRAs with distinctive ideological strategies emerged from this analysis: Cyber Lads in Search of Masculinity and Virtual Victims in Search of Equality. Though both groups promoted men's entitlement to social power, Cyber Lads utilized themes of explicit aggression towards and devaluation of women, while Virtual Victims adopted political and social movement rhetoric to address men's issues. The implications of these websites are discussed in terms of gender equality and their potential effects on individual men and women

Entitlement (fair division · Ideology · Masculinity · Political science · Politics · Power (physics · Sociology · Gender Studies · Gender, Feminism, and Media · Law · Media Studies and Communication · Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology

  • Haïr et railler les femmes en ligne

    Open Access•Delphine Dupré, Valérie Carayol•Genre en séries•2020

  • Discursive practices in the manosphere

    Olusegun Oladele Jegede•Lodz Papers in Pragmatics•2026

  • Antifeministische Männlichkeit(en) im Netz

    Open Access•David Meier-Arendt•GENDER – Zeitschrift für…•2023

  • Alt-resilience

    Sean M Eddington•Journal of Applied Communication…•2020

  • ‘The pussy ain’t worth it, bro’

    Scott Wright, Verity Trott et al.•Information Communication & Society•2020

  • Constituting affective identities

    Open Access•Sean M Eddington, Caitlyn M Jarvis et al.•Organization•2023

  • Male Supremacism in the United States

    Emily K Carian, Alex Dibranco et al.•Male Supremacism in the United…•2022

  • Political ecologies of the far right

    Open Access•Irma Kinga Allen, Kristoffer Ekberg et al.•Political Ecologies of the Far…•2024

  • Mobilization of Sexual Violence within the Manosphere

    Morgan E Pettyjohn, Jacob A Nason et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2026

  • The privilege of ‘aggrieved entitlement’

    Malin Holm•European Journal of Politics and…•2024

  • The discursive construction of resistance to sex in an online community

    Open Access•David Wright•Discourse Context & Media•2020

  • Men of today, soyboys of tomorrow

    Open Access•Mandie Iveson, Federica Formato•Discourse Context & Media•2022

  • Ghostbusters is For Boys

    Bridget Blodgett, Andrea Salter et al.•Communication Culture and Critique•2018

  • Not #MeToo

    Open Access•Mihaela CRĂCIUN•Analele Universitatii din…•2022

  • Media in the Post #GamerGate Era

    Open Access•Bridget Blodgett•Television & New Media•2019

  • We (want to) believe in the best of men

    Katherine W Bogen, Samantha Williams et al.•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2020

  • Mapping the manosphere. Categorization of reactionary masculinity discourses in digital environment

    Xiaoting Han, Chenjun Yin•Feminist Media Studies•2022

  • Welcome to this Brave Bro’s World

    Luhang Sun, Linjie Dai•Feminist Media Studies•2024

  • Swallowing the rape myth

    Open Access•Sofia Persson•Feminist Media Studies•2025

  • Remixing misandry, manspreading, and dick pics

    Jessica Ringrose, Emilie Lawrence•Feminist Media Studies•2018

  • Digital feminist humor as a weapon

    Peizhi Huang, Hongcheng Lu•Feminist Media Studies•2026

  • Gold diggers in the digital age

    Weiqi Tian, Jingshen Ge et al.•Feminist Media Studies•2025

  • Drinking male tears

    Alice E Marwick, Arthur Marwick et al.•Feminist Media Studies•2018

  • Sluts and soyboys

    Open Access•Callum Jones, Verity Trott et al.•New Media & Society•2019

  • Keywords of the manosphere

    Open Access•Mark Mcglashan, Alexandra Krendel•International Journal of Corpus…•2023

  • A threatened masculinity? The role of status threats and anger in misogynistic engagement

    Open Access•Emma A Renström, Hanna Bäck•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2026

  • Systemic misogyny exposed

    Open Access•Emma A Jane•International Journal of Cultural…•2017

  • Anti-gender Normativity and Advocacy in Turkey – Making a Case for Practice Diffusion

    Hüsrev Tabak, Marella Bodur Ün•Global Society•2026

  • An Alpha Wouldn't Spare an Emotion on a Woman”

    Open Access•Ian Zapcic•Personal Relationships•2024

  • In a World Where You can be Anyone

    Open Access•Rauha Salam•Gender Issues•2021

  • Feminist and Antifeminist Everyday Activism

    Open Access•Mélissa Blais, Francis Dupuis-Déri et al.•Gender Issues•2021

  • Leaving the Incel Community

    Open Access•Amanda Isabel Osuna•Sexuality & Culture•2023

  • Beyond Antifeminist Discourses

    Open Access•Malin Holm•Social Politics International…•2022

  • The construction of hegemonic masculinity and misogyny by Turkish Incels on YouTube

    Bünyamin Uzun, Salih Tiryaki•Gender Technology and Development•2024

  • Sexist Ideology and Endorsement of Men’s Control Over Women’s Decisions in Reproductive Health

    Open Access•Aino Petterson, Robbie M Sutton•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2017

  • A Woman, With No Evidence, Can Send Any Man to Jail Whenever She Wants”

    Open Access•Heather Hensman Kettrey, Summer Quinn et al.•Sex Roles•2024

  • Resistance and backlash to gender equality

    Open Access•Michael Flood, Molly Dragiewicz et al.•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2021

  • No Seat at the Party”

    Emily K Carian•Sociological Focus•2022

  • Misogyny in the digital sphere

    Melis Karakuş•Journal of Gender Studies•2025

  • The Black Pill

    Open Access•Ken Preston, Marjorie Halpin et al.•Men and Masculinities•2021

  • Fighting for Masculine Hegemony

    Open Access•Jillian Sunderland•Men and Masculinities•2023

  • Transamorous Misogyny

    Open Access•B A Robinson•Men and Masculinities•2023

  • Resisting Hegemonic Masculinity

    Open Access•Muhammad Ramzan, Zartashia Kynat Javaid•Asian Women•2025

  • The manosphere under the microscope

    Elliott Bryan, Shane Warren•Feminist Media Studies•2025

  • Vicious, vitriolic, hateful and hypocritical

    Open Access•Jessica Aiston•Critical Discourse Studies•2024

  • The Manosphere and Politics

    Open Access•Mariel J Barnes, Sabrina Karim et al.•Comparative Political Studies•2026

  • Topic Modeling The Red Pill

    Open Access•J Mountford•Social Sciences•2018

  • Negotiating masculinities

    Open Access•Nurhak Polat•NORMA•2020

  • Men will be Men

    Open Access•Rauha Salam•NORMA•2021

  • Basado en evidencia

    Open Access•José Ricardo Gutiérrez Vargas•La Manzana de la Discordia•2024

  • Rapeable' and 'unrapeable' women

    Maja Brandt Andreasen•Journal of Gender Studies•2021

  • Othering, peaking, populism and moral panics

    Open Access•Fran Amery, Aurelien Mondon•The Sociological Review•2025

  • She Thinks of Him as a Machine

    Open Access•Shawn P Van Valkenburgh•Social Media + Society•2019

  • Red Pill Women

    Open Access•Pauline Hoebanx•Men and Masculinities•2025

  • Take the Red Pill, Blame Feminism

    Open Access•Rina James•Men and Masculinities•2024

  • Digesting the Red Pill

    Open Access•Shawn P Van Valkenburgh•Men and Masculinities•2021

  • Unlocking the iron cage

    Michael Schwalbe•Unlocking the iron cage•1996

  • Content analysis

    Klaus Krippendorff•Content analysis•1980

  • Little big men

    Alan M Klein•Little big men•1993

  • Christians under Covers

    Kelsy Burke•Christians under Covers•2016

  • Social Linguistics and Literacies

    James C Gee, James Gee et al.•Social Linguistics and Literacies•2007

  • Raising Generation Rx

    Linda M Blum•Raising Generation Rx•2015

  • Some Men

    Michael A Messner, Max A Greenberg et al.•Some Men•2015

  • Qualitative Media Analysis

    David L Altheide, Christopher J Schneider•Qualitative Media Analysis•2013

  • Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves

    Andrea Salter, Anastasia Salter et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2012

  • Men, Feminism, and Men's Contradictory Experiences of Power

    Michael Kaufman•Theorizing Masculinities•1994

  • Theorizing Masculinities

    Harry Brod, Michael Kaufman•Theorizing Masculinities•1994

  • Masculinity as Homophobia

    Michael S Kimmel•Theorizing Masculinities•1994

  • Dude, You're a Fag

    C J Pascoe•Dude, You're a Fag•2019

  • Hanging Out in the Virtual PubMasculinities and Relationships Online

    Lori Kendall•Hanging Out in the Virtual Pub•2002

  • A Conspiracy of Fishes, or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #GamerGate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity

    Shira Chess, Adrienne Shaw•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2015

  • The Concept of Cultural Hegemony

    T J Jackson Lears•The American Historical Review•1985

  • The Concept of Cultural Hegemony

    T J Jackson Lears•The American Historical Review•1985

  • What makes a man

    Open Access•K Burke•Sexualities•2014

  • Networked Masculinities and Social Networking Sites

    Open Access•Ben Light•Masculinities & Social Change•2013

  • Biceps and Body Image

    Roberto Olivardia, Harrison G Pope et al.•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2004

  • Backlash or Equality

    Open Access•April L Girard, April Girard•Violence Against Women•2008

  • Positive Portrayals of Feminist Men Increase Men’s Solidarity With Feminists and Collective Action Intentions

    Open Access•Shaun Wiley, Ruhi Srinivasan et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2012

  • From Conscience and Common Sense to “Feminism for Men” Pro‐feminist Men's Rhetorics of Support for Women's Equality

    Open Access•Michael S Kimmel•International Journal of…•1997

  • Literature of the U.S. Men's Movements

    Kenneth Clatterbaugh•Signs: Journal of Women in…•2000

  • Intersections of hate

    R M Schmitz•Sociological Focus•2016

  • Men's Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century

    Open Access•Michael S Kimmel•Gender & Society•1987

  • How Men's Movement Participants View Each other

    Open Access•John Fox•The Journal of Men s Studies•2004

  • Gender and Power

    R W Connell•Gender and Power•1987

  • An ambivalent alliance

    Paul Glick, Peter Glick et al.•American Psychologist•2001

  • Gender Capital and Male Bodybuilders

    Open Access•Tristan Bridges, Tristan S Bridges•Body & Society•2009

  • Persuasive Storytelling by Hate Groups Online

    Open Access•Elissa Lee, Laura Leets•American Behavioral Scientist•2002

  • Power and the Production of Subjects

    Open Access•Rosalind Gill•The Sociological Review•2003

  • What Bronies See When They Brohoof

    Bill Ellis•Journal of American Folklore•2015

  • Dude, You're a Fag

    C J Pascoe•Dude, You're a Fag•2020

  • The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs

    Scott Coltrane, Neal Hickman•Social Problems•1992

  • Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis

    Open Access•Jennifer Fereday, Eimear Muir-Cochrane•International Journal of…•2006

  • Welcome to the Men's Club

    Open Access•Sharon R Bird•Gender & Society•1996

  • The Limits of 'The Male Sex Role

    Open Access•Michael A Messner•Gender & Society•1998

  • A Very 'Gay' Straight

    Open Access•Tristan Bridges•Gender & Society•2014

  • Men Just Weren't Made To Do This

    Open Access•Tristan Bridges, Tristan S Bridges•Gender & Society•2010

  • Hegemonic Masculinity

    Open Access•R Connell, R W Connell et al.•Gender & Society•2005

  • Gendering Violence

    Open Access•Kristin L Anderson, Debra Umberson•Gender & Society•2001

Unique citing works56
Citations per year6,22
Citation span2017 - 2026 (10)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 56

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae