Too Proud to Let Go
Narcissistic Entitlement as a Barrier to Forgiveness
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6205897 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Julie Exline (0000-0003-3544-2469, Case Western Reserve University), Julie Juola Exline, Roy F Baumeister (0000-0003-1413-3296, Florida State University), Brad J Bushman (0000-0002-1266-5101, University of Michigan), W Keith Campbell (0000-0002-4906-6663, University of Georgia), E J Finkel (0000-0002-0213-5318) |
| Year | 2004 |
| Volume | 87 |
| Issue | 6 |
| Pages | 894-912 |
| Publication date | 2004-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894 |
| PMID | 15598113 |
| OpenAlex | W2112637454 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 122 |
| References cited | 86 |
Narcissistic entitlement impedes forgiveness in ways not captured by other robust predictors (e.g., offense severity, apology, relationship closeness, religiosity, Big Five personality factors), as demonstrated in 6 studies. Narcissistic entitlement involves expectations of special treatment and preoccupation with defending one's rights. In Study 1, entitlement predicted less forgiveness and greater insistence on repayment for a past offense. Complementary results emerged from Study 2, which used hypothetical transgressions, and Study 3, which assessed broad forgiveness dispositions. Study 4 examined associations with the Big Five, and Study 5 extended the findings to a laboratory context. Study 6 demonstrated that entitlement predicted diminished increases in forgiveness over time. Taken together, these results suggest that narcissistic entitlement is a robust, distinct predictor of unforgiveness
Closeness · Context (archaeology) · Entitlement (fair division) · Forgiveness · Grandiosity · Narcissism · Religiosity · Forgiveness and Related Behaviors · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health · Marriage and Sexual Relationships · Psychology · Social Psychology
Hold a Grudge and its Relation with Grandiose Narcissism
The Interplay of Psychological Entitlement, Age, and Gender in Meaning Making
Revenge among Parents Who Have Broken up Their Relationship through Family Law Courts
The Link between Parenting Behaviors and Emerging Adults’ Relationship Outcomes
Is mindfulness associated with interpersonal forgiveness
On the form and function of forgiving
Religion and politics as a dangerous mix
The dynamics of sexual fidelity
Entitled vengeance
The foremost gift or the impossible ideal to reach? Valorial components of forgiveness among Italian adolescents
The road to forgiveness
Trait entitlement
Gender differences in narcissism
Trust and biased memory of transgressions in romantic relationships
Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement
Narcissistic admiration and rivalry
Perceived entitlement causes discrimination against attractive job candidates in the domain of relatively less desirable jobs
Perpetrator groups can enhance their moral self-image by accepting their own intergroup apologies
Impact of Dark Triad personality traits on Covid-19 vaccination uptake and prevention efforts
Social Conflict
Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness
What Happens When Groups Say Sorry
Gender and Forgiveness
On the Meaning and Measure of Narcissism
When apologies work
Investigating When and Why Psychological Entitlement Predicts Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior
Collective Narcissism Predicts Hypersensitivity to In–group Insult and Direct and Indirect Retaliatory Intergroup Hostility
Why Negative or Positive, If It makes Me Win? Dark Personality in Spanish Competitive Athletes
Forgiveness weakens women’s counter-empathy both in the stage of self-oriented and other-oriented emotional responses
Revenge in Couple Relationships and Their Relation to the Dark Triad
The Role of Leader-Member Exchange Relations and Individual Differences on Counterproductive Work Behavior
Interpersonal Views of Narcissism and Authentic High Self-Esteem
Why Good Employees Do Bad Things
How Narcissistic Employees Respond to Abusive Supervision
The role of entitlement, social dominance orientation, and right‐wing authoritarianism in the prediction of homonegativity for heterosexual white men
Personality traits as predictors of forgiveness and gratitude/awe
Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness
Why Should I Help You? A Study of Betrayal and Helping
Leader covering up employee errors and OCB toward leader
Narcissism and tradition
Narcissism, interactivity, community, and online revenge behavior
The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior
Forgiving the Unforgivable
Doing It Purposely? Mediation of Moral Disengagement in the Relationship Between Illegitimate Tasks and Counterproductive Work Behavior
Situational Characteristics and Emotional Forgiveness
Would entitled people be more proactive at work? Examining contrasting mechanisms based on the proactive motivation model
Development, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward God Scale (ATGS-9)
Relational reasons for nonbelief in the existence of gods
I deserve better and god knows it! Psychological entitlement as a robust predictor of anger at God
Psychological Entitlement Predicts Failure to Follow Instructions
When People Evaluate Others, the Level of Others’ Narcissism Matters Less to Evaluators Who Are Narcissistic
Beyond Deserving More
Personality and Ethical Decision-Making in Research
Predicting Forgiveness in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
The more I want, the less I have left to give
When apologizing hurts
The Development and Evaluation of the Academic Entitlement Questionnaire
Gender Differences in Narcissism and Courtship Violence in Dating Couples
Psychological Entitlement and Ambivalent Sexism
It’s Much More Than Money! Relations Between Adolescents’ Financial Entitlement and Behavioral Outcomes
Forgiveness and Attachment
Who Cares? Generativity and the Moral Emotions, Part 3. Asocial Intuitionist “Ecology of Virtue”
Gender Differences in Forgiveness and its Affective Correlates
Target's face loss, motivations, and forgiveness following relational transgression
Who is trustworthy? Predicting trustworthy intentions and behavior
Not so innocent
Fit to forgive
Collective narcissism and its social consequences
Just Because I'm Great (and You're Not)
Forgiveness takes place on an attitudinal continuum from hostility to friendliness
Impediments to forgiveness
Narcissism and romantic relationships
In Defense of Self-Love
Believing in one’s equal rights
When apologies fail
Honestly Arrogant or Simply Misunderstood? Narcissists' Awareness of their Narcissism
Priming the Primal Scene
State humility
The association between victims’ vulnerable and grandiose narcissism and grudge holding
Psychological entitlement and conspiracy beliefs
Wealth and the Inflated Self
Retributive and restorative justice
The sense of entitlement in romantic relationships
Understanding forgiveness in the lives of religious people
Forgiveness as a moderator of the association between anger expression and suicidal behaviour
Spiritual pathology and religious coping as predictors of forgiveness
Examining the Relations Among Narcissism, Impulsivity, and Self‐Defeating Behaviors
Personality Reflected in a Coherent Idiosyncratic Interplay of Intra‐ and Interpersonal Self‐Regulatory Processes
Egos Inflating Over Time
Parenting Narcissus
Situational precursors of revenge
For whom do we forgive? A functional analysis of forgiveness
In the wake of transgressions
A History of Psychology of Religion in the West
Moderating and Intensifying Factors Influencing Forgiveness by Priests and Lay People
The Hexaco Model of Personality, Religiosity, and Trait Forgiveness
A Critical Review of Official Public Apologies
The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness
How, when, and why transgressors’ narcissism affects motivation to apologize (or not)
Relational entitlement moderates the associations between support matching and perceived partner responsiveness
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Helping clients forgive
From Social Inequality to Personal Entitlement
Forgiveness and Justice
Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Judgments of Deservingness
Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Positivity of Self-Views
Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges
Remorse, Confession, Group Identity, and Expectancies About Repeating a Transgression
Transgression-Related Motivational Dispositions
Psychological Entitlement
Humility
Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men.
A model of egoistical relative deprivation.
Measuring Individual Differences in the Tendency to Forgive
Vengefulness
Multilevel Random Coefficient Analyses of Event- and Interval-Contingent Data in Social and Personality Psychology Research
Dispositional Forgivingness
Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors.
Religiousness, Race, and Psychological Well-Being
“Isn’t It Fun to Get the Respect That We’re Going to Deserve?” Narcissism, Social Rejection, and Aggression
Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism
Diary Methods
Hierarchical Linear Models
Seeking Forgiveness
Entitlement and the affectional bond
Values, Achievement, and Justice
Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale
The dynamics and dangers of entitlement
Forgivingness, Vengeful Rumination, and Affective Traits
Forgiveness in marriage
The appraisal basis of anger
Narcissism and Anger
A Narcissistic Personality Inventory
An experimental test of a game-theoretical model of reciprocity
An experimental investigation of accounts and attributions following sexual infidelity
Narcissism and Reactions to Interpersonal Feedback
Vengeance is mine
Sex differences in restoring justice
Narcissism and Comparative Self-Enhancement Strategies
Psychometric and Rationalization Accounts of the Religion‐Forgiveness Discrepancy
Social exchange theories and sexuality
Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression
Narcissism and romantic attraction
Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships
Narcissism
Apology as aggression control
Exchange and power in social life
Reciprocity and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
More Effective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Effective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Two-component models of socially desirable responding
Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict
Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression
Forgiveness, forbearance, and time
A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity
Children's reactions to apologies
Dealing with betrayal in close relationships
When forgiving enhances psychological well-being
Does self-love lead to love for others? A story of narcissistic game playing
Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement
The grateful disposition
Intraclass correlations
Is gratitude a moral affect
Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement
| Unique citing works | 122 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,81 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2025 (21) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 104 |