Hope, expectancy, and reactions to the unexpected
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6207574 |
|---|---|
| Authors | O J Harvey, William F Clapp |
| Year | 1965 |
| Volume | 2 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 45-52 |
| Publication date | 1965-07-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/h0022086 |
| PMID | 14313841 |
| OpenAlex | W2053121005 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 22 |
| References cited | 8 |
Using a scale of 15 characteristics, 79 Ss rated themselves, rated another person, indicated how they both hoped and expected to be rated by the other and completed a scale on self-esteem. Following exposure to fictitious ratings from the other person that deviated from their own expectancy by either .5 inch toward hope, .5 inch away from hope, 1.5 inches toward hope or 1.5 inches away from hope, Ss repeated the above ratings and in addition completed a three-item scale concerned with feelings of positivity-negativity toward self and other and the degree of pleasuredisappointment produced by the feedback. Significant differences were found between the feedback that deviated from expectancy toward hope and that which deviated away from hope. It was also found that Ss who expected higher ratings from others reacted more positively than Ss of lower expectancies to unexpectedly favorable feedback but that in response to unexpectedly unfavorable ratings the reverse was true. Other results allowed the inference that not only is the magnitude of an expectancy-event discrepancy an important determinant of behavior but that other factors, such as directionality of the discrepancy (toward or away from hope), personality of the recipient and perceived credibility of the source of the deviant input, are also of significance. (Author)
Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Expectancy theory · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychological and Educational Research Studies · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
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Relationship of success and expectation to affect on goal-seeking tasks
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Reciprocity of Liking following Face-to-Face Encounters with Attractive and Unattractive others
On the Relationship between Self-Esteem, Coping and Optimism
Effects of Failure Experiences on Configural Properties of the Aspiration Level Concept
Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept
Self-presentation, embarrassment, and facework as a function of self-evaluation, conditions of self-presentation, and feedback from others
Discrepancy from expectation in relation to affect and motivation
Expectancy, feedback, and disconfirmation as independent factors in outcome satisfaction
Reactions to personal evaluations
A trans-paradigm theoretical synthesis of cognitive dissonance theory
Self-Relevance as a Moderator of Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
Preference of dissonance reduction modes as a function of their order, familiarity and reversibility
The effectiveness of social reinforcement as a function of changes in rate of reinforcement
Mass Communications and International Image Change
Hoping for the Best
Conflict, arousal, and curiosity.
Explorations in cognitive dissonance.
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Reactions to Unfavorable Evaluations of the Self Made by Other Persons 1
Toward Some Integration of Learning Theories
Personality Factors in Resolution of Conceptual Incongruities
Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance
Some hedonic consequences of the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectances
| Unique citing works | 22 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,37 |
| Citation span | 1967 - 2011 (45) |
| Citation velocity | historical |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 15 |