Progovernment Militias
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6232933 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Sonia C Carey (0000-0003-3286-0040, University of Mannheim), Sabine C Carey, Neil J Mitchell (0000-0003-0744-984X, School of Public Policy, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, United Kingdom;) |
| Year | 2017 |
| Volume | 20 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 127-147 |
| Publication date | 2017-05-11 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev-polisci-051915-045433 |
| OpenAlex | W4229978044 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 60 |
| References cited | 93 |
Sociologists, political scientists, and economists have long emphasized the benefits of monopolizing violence and the risks of failing to do so. Yet recent research on conflict, state failure, genocide, coups, and election violence suggests governments cannot or will not form a monopoly. Governments worldwide are more risk acceptant than anticipated. They give arms and authority to a variety of nonstate actors, militias, vigilantes, death squads, proxy forces, paramilitaries, and counterbalancing forces. We develop a typology based on the links of the militia to the government and to society as a device to capture variations among these groups. We use the typology to explore insights from this emerging literature on the causes, consequences, and puzzling survival of progovernment militias and their implications for security and human rights, as well as to generate open questions for further research
Authoritarianism · Criminology · Democracy · Economics · Genocide · Government (linguistics · Law and economics · Market economy · Monopoly · Organised crime · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Sociology · State (computer science · Typology · Variety (cybernetics · Law · Peacebuilding and International Security · Political Conflict and Governance · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Régimes miliciens et gouvernement transnational dans les guerres civiles
Types of Turkish Paramilitary Groups in the 1980s and 1990s
Mass Violence and the Kurds
Noción de Estado fallido
Transnational Networks and Interstate Competition
Governance Interrupted
Delegation, Sponsorship, and Autonomy
The life, death and diversity of pro-government militias
Capturing group alignments
The political process of Boko Haram insurgency onset
Tolerance as Implicit Order
How pro-government militia ethnic relationships influence violence against civilians
Forum
The International Criminal Court and the Rebels’ Commitment Problem
Post-Conflict Regimes and the Survival of Pro-Government Militias
The United Nations After 75
Public Perceptions of Wartime Atrocities
Towards a typology of non-state actors in ‘hybrid warfare’
The legacy of war
Environmental pressures and pro-government militias
The old terrorism
Sexual violence in the shadows
Punish or tolerate? State capacity, military oversight, and wartime sexual violence
Conceptualizing Matrix Control
Are domestic war crimes trials biased
Swords into ploughshares? Why human rights abuses persist after resistance campaigns
Returning Veterans’ Attitudes Toward Democracy
Spoiling the Broth? The Impact of Militia Violence on Peace Negotiations
Armed Group Consolidation
Civilian militia formation and protection against rebel violence
Violent Resistance
The Ontology of Cruelty in Civil War
Progovernment militias, identity leadership, and ethnic defection
Security Consolidation in the Aftermath of Civil War
Insurgency, Border Contiguity, and Social Conflict in Neighbor Countries
The Ties That Bind
Choosing Whom to Target
Dynamics and Logics of Civil War
Sexual Violence by the State
The Puzzle of Militia Containment in Civil War
From Shame to New Name
How security shaped Libya’s transition
Containing Ethnic Conflict
The Wartime Roots of Rural Governance
Auxiliary Force Structure
Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence
The New New Civil Wars
Spraying Conflict
Shifting targets
Democratic Breakdown and the Hidden Perils of the Democratic Peace
Civil war recurrence and postwar violence
How Iran aligned militias seized Iraq
Protection or predation? Understanding the behavior of community-created self-defense militias during civil wars
From bad to worse? How protest can foster armed conflict in autocracies
Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias
Political violence in democracies
(Re)Emerging disease and conflict risk in Africa, 1997-2019
Violence against civilians and public support for the state
Peace Processes and the Integration of Pro-Government Militias
Revisiting the Weberian Presumption
Party systems and voter alignments
Final Solutions
Minorities at risk
When Things Fell Apart
Agents of Atrocity
Violence and Social Orders
The Business of War
Warlord Politics and African States
The Market for Force
Proxy Warriors
Collaborative Governance
The Monopoly of Violence
Why Nations Fail
Prospect Theory
Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990-1992
New and old wars
Votes and Violence
States, the security sector, and the monopoly of violence
Democracy’s Blameless Leaders
Death Squads in Global Perspective
Public and private bureaucracies
State Failure and Challenges to Democratization in Africa
The Enemy of My Enemy is My Friend … The Dynamics of Self-Defense Forces in Irregular War
Non-state Armed Groups as a Threat to Global Security
Learning to Live with Militias
Do Democracies Engage Less in Coup-Proofing? On the Relationship between Regime Type and Civil-Military Relations 1
State Proxy or Security Dilemma? Understanding Anti-Rebel Militias in Civil War
The Art of Coercion
The Challenge of Community-Based Armed Groups
Ordered Rape
Civilian Defense Forces, State Capacity, and Government Victory in Counterinsurgency Wars
Civil Wars, International Conflicts and Other Determinants of Paramilitary Strength in Sub-Saharan Africa
Means to an end
The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on Human Rights Violations
Threats to Leaders’ Political Survival and Pro-Government Militia Formation
The Geography of the International System
Vigilante Counterinsurgency and Human Rights in the Philippines
Desperate Times, Desperate Measures
Frontiers and Ghettos
Ethnic groups in conflict
Ethnicity, the State, and the Duration of Civil War
How “Free” is Free Riding in Civil Wars
On the Evolutionary Origin of Prospect Theory Preferences
The Nature of the Beast
Putting Typologies to Work
A Plague of Initials
States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders
Militias in Civil Wars
Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk
Governments, Informal Links to Militias, and Accountability
Pragmatic and Promiscuous
Do States Delegate Shameful Violence to Militias? Patterns of Sexual Violence in Recent Armed Conflicts
Militias, Ideology, and the State
First Things First
Regulating Militias
True Believers, Deserters, and Traitors
Civilianizing Civil Conflict
The Political Economy of Death Squads
Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda
The New New Civil Wars
The Political Evolution of Principal-Agent Models
Veto Players and Civil War Duration
Understanding State Sponsorship of Militant Groups
When Autocratic Regimes Are Cheap and Play Dirty
Mercenaries of democracy
A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence
Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis
Ethnic Defection in Civil War
Nightwatch
Militias in internal warfare
Informal repression, zero-sum politics and late third wave transitions
Sacred violence or strategic faith? Disentangling the relationship between religion and violence in armed conflict
The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of the Law
The Bakassi Boys
The Role of State-Sponsored Militias in Genocide
Security Forces and Sexual Violence
Ideology in civil war
Rondas Campesinas in the Peruvian Civil War
No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955
When Do States Follow the Laws of War
Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development
Armed Groups and Sexual Violence
The grassroots nature of counterinsurgent tribal militia formation
| Unique citing works | 60 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 6,67 |
| Citation span | 2017 - 2026 (10) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 59 |