A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6233147 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Michael L Ro (0000-0003-0128-7907, University of California, Los Angeles, corresponding author), Michael Ro, Michael Ross (0000-0003-3407-9071, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 265-300 |
| Publication date | 2006-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.081304.161338 |
| OpenAlex | W2118200461 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 242 |
| References cited | 70 |
Studies of natural resource wealth and civil war have been hampered by measurement error, endogeneity, lack of robustness, and uncertainty about causal mechanisms. This paper develops new measures and new tests to address these problems. It has four main findings. First, the likelihood of civil war in countries that produce oil, gas, and diamonds rose sharply from the early 1970s to the late 1990s; so did the number of rebel groups that sold contraband to raise money. Second, exogenous measures of oil, gas, and diamond wealth are robustly correlated with the onset of civil war. Still, these correlations are based on a small number of cases, and the substantive effects of resource wealth are sensitive to certain assumptions. Third, petroleum and diamond production lead to civil wars through at least three different mechanisms. Finally, the only resource variable robustly linked to conflict duration is a measure of “contraband,” which includes gemstones, timber, and narcotics
Econometrics · Economics · Economy · Endogeneity · Natural resource · Natural resource economics · Petroleum · Political science · Resource (disambiguation · Resource curse · Robustness (evolution · Spanish Civil War · Computer Science · Law · Mining and Resource Management · Natural Resources and Economic Development · Political Conflict and Governance · Geology
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Environment and Peacebuilding in War-torn Societies
Energy Resources and Environmental Conflicts in Africa
Monsters to Destroy
Black Markets and Militants
Black Markets and Militants
Petro-Aggression
The Natural Resource Curse
Climato-economic habitats support patterns of human needs, stresses, and freedoms
Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs
Natural resources and violent conflict
Ethnicity and Conflict
Natural Resources and Local Communities
Oil and Conflict
Natural resources, democracy and corruption
Do Oil Windfalls Improve Living Standards? Evidence from Brazil
Economic Shocks and Conflict
Why Do Arab States Lag the World in Gender Equality?
Civil Society Organizations and Protests’ Escalation to Civil War in Non-Democracies
“Prosperity for Everyone” in the Post-Conflict
Oil discoveries and gender inequality
Group Grievances, Opportunity, and the Onset of Civil War
Predictable patterns of protest
States, the security sector, and the monopoly of violence
Drilling Deeper
Resource Wealth, Democracy and Mobilisation
Natural Resources and the ‘Quality’ of Economic Development
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The Environment and International Relations
Oil for health in sub-Saharan Africa
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Opium Pathways
Fertile Ground for Conflict
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Oil, violence and international actors
The limits of global governance
Energy producers in sub-Saharan Africa
Resources, conflict and governance
Natural Resource Types and Conflict Termination Initiatives
Oil and Diamonds as Causes of Civil War in sub-Saharan Africa
The resource curse and the role of institutions revisited
Location, Location, Location
Sharing resource wealth for peace
Extractive industry revenues and the subnational resource curse
Unlocking Central America’s mineral potential
The extractive industries and development
Production sharing contracts and rentierism
Revisiting the oil wealth-growth nexus
The biopolitical war for life
The connection between oil wealth and internal armed conflicts
Catalysts of violence
Localizing transparency and accountability in extractives
The emergence of conflict-free, ethical, and Fair Trade mineral supply chain certification systems
Varieties of resource nationalism in sub-Saharan Africa's energy and minerals markets
When rebels govern oil
The Oil Climax
Leapfrogging or lagging? Drivers of social equity from renewable energy transitions globally
Territory, sovereignty and rebel oil governance in the Arab uprisings
Oil and Gas Rents and Civilian Violence in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2004
Natural resources and the dynamics of civil war duration and outcome
Bargaining with Insurgencies in the Shadow of Infighting
Oil-Fueled Insurgencies
High valuations, uncertainty, and war
A meta-analysis of natural resources and conflict
Fueling rebellion
International Rentierism in the Middle East Africa, 1971–2008
Is social spending pro‐poor in developing countries? The role of governance and political freedom
Rentierism and Political Violence
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The Hard Power of Natural Resources
Terrorists as Rebels
Oil in Venezuela
The Dictator's Digital Toolkit
Confronting the Governance Challenges of Developing Nigeria's Extractive Industry
Analyzing Spatial Drivers in Quantitative Conflict Studies
What Causes Civil Wars? Integrating Quantitative Research Findings
The Future is More than Scale
State Capacity, Inequality and Inter-Group Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Visualizing the Influence of Geography, Oil and Geopolitics on Civil Wars in the Arab World
Convergence towards Differentiation
Ending ‘Resource Wars’
The Political Economy of Ivory as a “Conflict Resource”
Conflict Engagement
Unpacking ethnicity
Does the International Trafficking of Cultural Heritage Really Fuel Military Conflicts
The Future of Insurgency
Failed States
Extending the concept of the resource curse
Gold mining, indigenous land claims and conflict in Guyana's hinterland
Ethnic fractionalization, natural resources and armed conflict
Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset How Identity Salience, Fiscal Policy, and Natural Resource Profiles Moderate Outcomes
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Sustaining the peace after ethnic civil wars
Youth bulge and civil war
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The Political Economy of Armed Conflict
War Economies in a Regional Context
Inside Rebellion
Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth
Genuine Savings Rates in Developing Countries
Oil, Drugs, and Diamonds
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On economic causes of civil war
Democracy and Development
All International Politics Is Local
Oil and Politics in the Gulf
Ending Civil Wars
Timber Booms and Institutional Breakdown in Southeast Asia
Profiting from Peace
Greed and grievance in civil war
Conflict Diamonds
Conflict of interests or interests in conflict? diamonds & war in the DRC
Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict
Rethinking the Economics of War
Taking Time Seriously
Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution
Committing to Peace
Improving Forecasts of State Failure
Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data
Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War
Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers
Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars
Diamonds, Blood, and Taxes
Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars
Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War
Economic Analysis of Conflict
A Diamond Curse
On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa
How Much War Will we see
Foreign enterprise and forced divestment in LDCs
How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases
Policy Failure and Petroleum Predation
Primary Commodities and War
Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999
The politics of plunder
Accounting for scale
Does Oil Hinder Democracy
What Is Civil War
The political ecology of war
The Redistributive State and Conflicts in Africa
Civil War
The Geography of Civil War
Oil rents and political breakdown in patrimonial states
On the Duration of Civil War
What Do We Know about Natural Resources and Civil War
Paradise is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 1989-99
Armed Conflict 1946-2001
Congo
Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others
Introducing Acled
International Peacebuilding
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
Africa's Stalled Development
| Unique citing works | 242 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 12,1 |
| Citation span | 2006 - 2026 (21) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 239 |