Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Confident and cautious candidates

Explaining under‐representation of women in Danish municipal politics

Bibliographic Data

ID6257271
AuthorsM Dahl (0000-0003-0888-7323, Department of Political Science University of Copenhagen Denmark, corresponding author), Jacob Nyrup (0000-0001-6368-441X, Nuffield College University of Oxford UK, corresponding author)
Year2021
Volume60
Issue1
Pages199-224
Publication date2021-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEuropean Journal of Political Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0304-4130 • E-ISSN: 1475-6765
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/1475-6765.12396
OpenAlexW3013012275
LanguageEN
Citations received30
References cited60

Why are women under‐represented even in democratic and egalitarian countries? Previous research considers either demand‐side or supply‐side explanations. We integrate both perspectives in a least‐likely case for the under‐representation of women, namely the municipal councils in Denmark. The data stems from a candidate choice conjoint experiment, a survey among potential candidates, and data on the actual pool of nominated candidates. On the voter demand‐side, we show that there is no pro‐male bias in general or in combination with other candidate traits nor that traits evaluated positively by voters appear more frequently among actual male candidates. On the supply‐side, we find that women are less likely to be interested in running for political office. This is primarily because women assess their own political qualifications significantly lower than men. The under‐supply of female candidates seem to drive the disparity suggesting that we should focus more on supply‐side factors to overcome the gender imbalance

Danish · Demand side · Democracy · Demographic economics · Economics · Microeconomics · Political science · Politics · Public economics · Representation (politics · Supply side · Survey data collection · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Gender Politics and Representation · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Law

  • Women and Left-Wing Citizens Prefer Women Candidates

    Open Access•Claire Gothreau, Lasse Laustsen•Public Opinion Quarterly•2026

  • Gender bias in political candidate evaluation among voters

    Open Access•Daphne Van Der Pas, Loes Aaldering et al.•Frontiers in Political Science•2022

  • Preferences for and perceptions about politicians’ goals and how they impact women’s and men’s political ambition

    H Coffe, Robin Devroe et al.•European Journal of Politics and…•2022

  • Voter Evaluations of Youth Politicians

    Open Access•Hiroharu Saito•Journal of Applied Youth Studies•2025

  • Exposure to Online Abuse of Politicians Does Not Scare Citizens Away From Politics

    Open Access•Rasmus T Pedersen, R J Lawrence et al.•Journal of Experimental Political…•2025

  • Journalistic Tactic and Intercultural Deficit

    Open Access•Ilkhom Khalimzoda, Shomaila Sadaf et al.•Journal of Intercultural…•2025

  • Non-mainstream left parties, primaries, and women’s winning chances in leadership contests

    Open Access•Javier Astudillo, Andreu Paneque•Party Politics•2025

  • Implementing Gender Quotas Locally

    Sandra Brunsbach, Ines Weber•German Politics•2026

  • Self-Respect Paternalism

    Open Access•Søren Flinch Midtgaard•Utilitas•2022

  • Beyond the glass ceiling, more 'housework'? Womens' work assignment, performance and influence in political institutions

    Louisa Boulaziz•The Journal of Politics•2025

  • Reining in the Rascals

    Frederik Hjorth, Jacob Nyrup et al.•The Journal of Politics•2024

  • Messages Matter

    George Kwaku Ofosu, Merete Bech Seeberg et al.•The Journal of Politics•2024

  • Race/Ethnicity in Candidate Experiments

    Open Access•Sanne Van Oosten, Liza Mügge et al.•Acta Politica•2024

  • Do public attitudes on gender equality affect candidate selection in proportional representation systems? Evidence from European Parliament elections

    Open Access•Thomas Däubler, Maarja Lühiste et al.•European Union Politics•2025

  • Gender stereotypes in print and online media coverage of Slovak presidential candidates in 2009 and 2019

    Open Access•Mária Žuffová•European Political Science Review•2023

  • Beyond Elections

    Bram Wauters, Robin Devroe et al.•Women & Politics•2025

  • Why Norway has more female local councillors than Denmark

    Open Access•Signe Bock Segaard, Ulrik Kjaer et al.•West European Politics•2023

  • Women's Representation in Canadian Municipalities

    Open Access•Alexandra Artiles, Susan Franceschet et al.•Urban Affairs Review•2024

  • Just a Number? Voter Evaluations of Age in Candidate-Choice Experiments

    Shusei Eshima, Daniel M Smith•The Journal of Politics•2022

  • What Have We Learned about Gender from Candidate Choice Experiments? A Meta-Analysis of Sixty-Seven Factorial Survey Experiments

    Susanne Schwarz, Alexander Coppock•The Journal of Politics•2022

  • Media Discrimination and Gender Differences in Political Ambition in a Laboratory Experiment

    Open Access•Amanda Haraldsson•Political Research Quarterly•2022

  • Political Candidacy and Sibling Sex Composition

    Open Access•Rasmus T Pedersen, Jens Olav Dahlgaard•Political Behavior•2023

  • Gender Gaps in Political Ambition on Different Levels of Policy-Making

    Open Access•Robin Devroe, H Coffe et al.•Parliamentary Affairs•2023

  • Do political duos diminish discriminatory voter preferences? Evidence from a combined conjoint experiment

    Open Access•Alberto López Ortega•European Union Politics•2024

  • How Does Primary Election Manipulation Affect the Selection of Women Candidates? Evidence from Malawi

    Merete Bech Seeberg, Michael Wahman•Comparative Politics•2024

  • Investigating the ambitions of young women to run for national parliament

    Open Access•Zareh Ghazarian, Laura Woodbridge et al.•Australian Journal of Political…•2023

  • Choosing Women

    Open Access•Malu A C Gatto, Marco Radojevic•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • The Gendered Cost of Politics

    Open Access•Frederik Klaaborg Kjøller, Lene Holm Pedersen•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • Voter Sexism and Electoral Penalties for Women Candidates

    Open Access•Rosalind Shorrocks, Elizabeth Ralph-Morrow et al.•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • Understanding the dual glass ceiling of selecting and electing women candidates

    Karel Kouba, Tomáš Došek•Contemporary Politics•2023

  • Personal Roots of Representation

    Barry C Burden, Barry Burden•Personal Roots of Representation•2007

  • More Women Can Run

    Susan J Carroll, Kira Sanbonmatsu•More Women Can Run•2013

  • Validating vignette and conjoint survey experiments against real-world behavior

    Open Access•Jens Hainmueller, Dominik Hangartner et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2015

  • Women as Policy Makers

    Open Access•Raghabendra Chattopadhyay, Esther Duflo•Econometrica•2004

  • Rising Tide

    Open Access•Ronald Inglehart, P Norris•Rising Tide•2003

  • Gender Roles, Work-Life Balance, and Running for Office

    Rachel A Silbermann•Quarterly Journal of Political…•2015

  • Same Game, Different Rules? Gender Differences in Political Participation

    Open Access•H Coffe, Catherine Bolzendahl•Sex Roles•2010

  • Parents in Parliament

    Open Access•Rosie Campbell, Sarah Childs•The Political Quarterly•2014

  • Bridging the enduring gender gap in political interest in Europe

    Open Access•Marta Fraile, Marta Fraile Maldonado et al.•European Journal of Political…•2017

  • The importance of input and output legitimacy in democratic governance

    Open Access•Michael Andrea Strebel, Daniel Kübler et al.•European Journal of Political…•2019

  • Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway

    Kathleen A Bratton, Leonard P Ray•American Journal of Political…•2002

  • Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections

    Monika L Mcdermott•American Journal of Political…•1997

  • Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition

    Open Access•Richard L Fox, Jennifer L Lawle et al.•American Political Science Review•2014

  • The Not-So-Simple Calculus of Winning

    Walter J Stone, L Sandy Maisel•The Journal of Politics•2003

  • The Role of Gender Stereotypes in U.S. Senate Campaigns

    Open Access•Kim Fridkin, Kim L Fridkin et al.•Politics & Gender•2009

  • Can We Talk? Self‐Presentation and the Survey Response

    Open Access•Adam J Berinsky•Political Psychology•2004

  • Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter

    Open Access•Nicholas Carnes•Legislative Studies Quarterly•2012

  • Subtle Sexism? Examining Vote Preferences When Women Run Against Men for the Presidency

    David Paul, David M Paul et al.•Women & Politics•2008

  • The Simplest Shortcut of All

    Fred Cutler•The Journal of Politics•2002

  • The Primary Reason for Women's Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom

    Jennifer L Lawle, Jennifer L Lawless et al.•The Journal of Politics•2008

  • See Jane Run

    David E Campbell, Christina Wolbrecht•The Journal of Politics•2006

  • Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns

    Open Access•Miki Caul Kittilson, Kim Fridkin•Politics & Gender•2008

  • The Gendered Division of Labor in Assignments to Political Committees

    Open Access•Martin Baekgaard, Ulrik Kjaer•Politics & Gender•2012

  • Why Are Fewer Women than Men Elected? Gender and the Dynamics of Candidate Selection

    Mona Lena Krook•Political Studies Review•2009

  • Sex Differences in Political Knowledge in Britain

    Open Access•Elizabeth Frazer, K I Macdonald et al.•Political Studies•2003

  • Do voters prefer gender stereotypic candidates? evidence from a conjoint survey experiment in Japan

    Open Access•Yoshikuni Ono, Masahiro Yamada•Political Science Research and…•2020

  • Gender Stereotypes, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting for Women Candidates

    Open Access•Kathleen Dolan•Political Research Quarterly•2014

  • Candidate Gender and Voter Choice

    Open Access•Gail Mcelroy, Michael Marsh•Political Research Quarterly•2010

  • The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at Different Levels and Types of Office

    Leonie Huddy, Nayda Terkildsen•Political Research Quarterly•1993

  • How Political Signals Affect Public Support for Judicial Nominations

    Open Access•Malcolm Sen, Maya Sen•Political Research Quarterly•2017

  • Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections

    Open Access•Monika L Mcdermott•Political Research Quarterly•1998

  • Is There a “Gender Affinity Effect” in American Politics

    Open Access•Kathleen Dolan•Political Research Quarterly•2008

  • Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low‐Information Elections

    Open Access•Susan Banducci, Susan A Banducci et al.•Political Psychology•2008

  • The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidates

    Open Access•Kathleen Dolan•Political Behavior•2010

  • Candidate Choice Without Party Labels

    Open Access•Patricia A Kirkland, Alexander Coppock•Political Behavior•2018

  • It’s a Group Thing

    Open Access•Yosef Bhatti, Edward Fieldhouse et al.•Political Behavior•2020

  • Fit for the Job

    Open Access•Lonna Rae Atkeson, Brian T Hamel•Political Behavior•2020

  • Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis

    Open Access•Jens Hainmueller, D J Hopkins et al.•Political Analysis•2014

  • A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections

    Open Access•Danny Hayes, Jennifer L Lawle•Perspectives on Politics•2015

  • Women Politicians

    P Norris•Parliamentary Affairs•1996

  • House or home? Constituent preferences over legislator effort allocation

    Open Access•Nick Vivyan, Markus Wagner•European Journal of Political…•2016

  • Female Candidates and Legislators

    Jennifer L Lawle•Annual Review of Political Science•2015

  • Women Don't Run? Election Aversion and Candidate Entry

    Open Access•Kristin Kanthak, Jonathan Woon•American Journal of Political…•2015

  • Gendered Perceptions and Political Candidacies

    Open Access•Richard L Fox, Jennifer L Lawle et al.•American Journal of Political…•2011

  • Prominent Role Models

    Open Access•Christina Ladam, Jeffrey J Harden et al.•American Journal of Political…•2018

  • Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice

    Kira Sanbonmatsu•American Journal of Political…•2002

  • Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office

    Open Access•Richard L Fox, Jennifer L Lawle et al.•American Journal of Political…•2004

  • Irreplaceable Legislators? Rethinking Minority Representatives in the New Century

    Open Access•Eric Gonzalez Juenke, Robert R Preuhs•American Journal of Political…•2012

  • Gender, Political Knowledge, and Descriptive Representation

    Open Access•Ruth Dassonneville, I Mcallister•American Journal of Political…•2018

  • Likeable? Effective Commander in Chief? Polling on Candidate Traits in the “Year of the Presidential Woman

    Open Access•Barbara Burrell•PS Political Science & Politics•2008

  • Women and Political Participation

    M Margaret Conway•PS Political Science & Politics•2001

  • You just made it

    Open Access•Jens Olav Dahlgaard•Electoral Studies•2016

  • The Ties That Double Bind

    Open Access•Dawn Langan Teele, Joshua L Kalla et al.•American Political Science Review•2018

  • Who Governs? A New Global Dataset on Members of Cabinets

    Open Access•Jacob Nyrup, Stuart Bramwell•American Political Science Review•2020

  • Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class

    Open Access•Nicholas Carnes, Noam Lupu•American Political Science Review•2016

  • The Private Roots of Public Action

    Open Access•Nancy Burns, Kay Lehman Schlozman et al.•Private Roots of Public Action•2001

Unique citing works30
Citations per year7,5
Citation span2022 - 2026 (5)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 30

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae