Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Rules over Real Estate

Trade, Territorial Conflict, and International Borders as Institution

Bibliographic Data

ID6283752
AuthorsBeth A Simmons (0000-0001-8207-713X, Department of Government Harvard University, corresponding author)
Year2005
Volume49
Issue6
Pages823-848
Publication date2005-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022002705281349
OpenAlexW2002065917
LanguageEN
Citations received81
References cited61

Territorial disputes between governments generate a significant amount of uncertainty for economic actors. Settled boundary agreements produce benefits to economic agents on both sides of the border. These qualities of borders are missed both by realists, who view territorial conflicts in overly zero-sum terms, and globalists, who claim borders are increasingly irrelevant. Settled borders help to secure property rights, signal much greater jurisdictional and policy certainty, and thereby reduce the transactions costs associated with international economic transactions. The plausibility of this claim is examined by showing that territorial disputes involve significant economic opportunity costs in the form of foregone bilateral trade. Theories of territorial politics should take into account the possibility of such joint gains in their models of state dispute behavior

Boundary (topology · Business · Certainty · Economics · Law and economics · Microeconomics · Political science · Politics · Property (philosophy · Property rights · Real estate · State (computer science · Economic Zones and Regional Development · Finance · Global trade and economics · Law · Local Government Finance and Decentralization

  • How Border Disputes Influence Disaster Response

    Open Access•Adam Lappe, Stephen Mark Mitchell et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2026

  • Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific

    Open Access•Steve Chan•Enduring Rivalries in the…•2013

  • The Role of Frontier Territories in Geopolitics

    Open Access•B Bowden•Histories•2025

  • Bridging politics and projects

    Jorge Fleta-Asín, Alfredo Jiménez et al.•Public Management Review•2025

  • Single-Party Autocracies, Sanctions, and Conflict Mediation

    Open Access•Jonathan Honig•Open Journal of Political Science•2025

  • Endogenous Sources of Compliance with Territorial Agreements

    Kenneth A Schultz•Quarterly Journal of Political…•2024

  • Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage

    Albert Buixadé Farré, Scott R Stephenson et al.•Polar Geography•2014

  • The Impact of Normalised Cross-Strait Relations on Regional Economics—An Empirical Study of Jiangsu Province

    Open Access•Yunyan Li•Social Sciences•2023

  • Citizen preferences about border arrangements in divided societies

    Open Access•Edward Morgan‐jone, Laura Sudulich et al.•Research & Politics•2020

  • Soft power analysis in alienated borderline tourism

    Dinesh Chhabra•Journal of Heritage Tourism•2017

  • Democracy, Territory, and Armed Conflict, 1919-1995

    Open Access•Johann Park, Patrick James•Foreign Policy Analysis•2013

  • Peaceful Dispute Resolution by Authoritarian Regimes

    Open Access•Krista E Wiegand•Foreign Policy Analysis•2019

  • Geography and international relations theorizing

    Steve Chan•Eurasian Geography and Economics•2013

  • Why Westphalia Still Matters

    Open Access•Benjamin Mueser•International Studies Review•2024

  • Border Rules

    Open Access•Beth A Simmons•International Studies Review•2019

  • Making up is hard to do

    Open Access•Matthew Fehrs•International Politics•2024

  • The Security of Northeast Asia

    Open Access•David C Kang•Pacific Focus•2009

  • Bordering and scaling Northeast Asia

    Edward Boyle, Akihiro Iwashita•Asian Geographer•2021

  • The International Border Agreements Dataset

    Open Access•Andrew P Owsiak, Allison K Cuttner et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2016

  • Can you trust a dictator

    Open Access•Olga Chyzh, Olga V Chyzh•Conflict Management and Peace…•2013

  • Border settlement and the movement toward and from negative peace

    Open Access•Andrew P Owsiak, Paul F Diehl et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2016

  • Unexpected Companions

    Open Access•Krista E Wiegand, Emilia Justynia Powell•Conflict Management and Peace…•2011

  • Managing territorial conflict

    Open Access•Baukje Prins, Brandon C Prins et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2016

  • The temporal dynamics of new international borders

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, H E Goemans•Conflict Management and Peace…•2013

  • Roads, rails, and checkpoints

    Open Access•E Deutschmann, Lorenzo Gabrielli et al.•World Development•2023

  • Natural Disasters and the Size of Nations

    Muhammet A Bas, Elena V Mclean•International Interactions•2016

  • Seeing the Lexus for the Olive Trees? Public Opinion, Economic Interdependence, and Interstate Conflict

    Open Access•Seiki Tanaka, Atsushi Tago et al.•International Interactions•2016

  • Peaceful dyads

    Andrew P Owsiak, John A Vasquez•International Interactions•2021

  • Sequencing the Steps to War

    Douglas B Atkinson, Andrew P Owsiak et al.•International Interactions•2024

  • Sanctions by Western Countries and Russian Countermeasures

    Open Access•Lucie Coufalová•Politická ekonomie•2020

  • Political relations and trade

    Open Access•Yifei Cai, Jamel Saadaoui et al.•Scottish Journal of Political…•2023

  • Closing Pandora’s Box

    Open Access•Jamie Hintson, Kenneth A Schultz•International Organization•2026

  • Claimability in International Relations

    Open Access•Kyosuke Kikuta•American Political Science Review•2026

  • Resolving international border disputes

    Open Access•J Coakley•Cooperation and Conflict•2017

  • The Eastern cousins of European sovereign states? The development of linear borders in early modern Japan

    Open Access•Naosuke Mukoyama•European Journal of International…•2023

  • U.S. Military Deployment and Host-Nation Economic Growth

    Open Access•Uk Heo, Min Ye•Armed Forces & Society•2019

  • Historical Border Changes, State Building, and Contemporary Trust in Europe

    Open Access•Scott F Abramson, D Bruce Carter et al.•American Political Science Review•2022

  • History as a double-edged sword

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter•Politics Philosophy & Economics•2017

  • Nationalist political elites and territorial disputes

    Open Access•Jaebeom Kwon, Nam Kyu Kim•Nations and Nationalism•2024

  • Reluctant acceptance of legal solutions to territorial disputes as signals of foreign policy reorientation

    Open Access•David Larsson Gebre-Medhin•Journal of International…•2025

  • International Trade and Coordination

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, David B Carter et al.•World Politics•2018

  • The Diffusion of International Border Agreements

    K Chad Clay, Andrew P Owsiak•The Journal of Politics•2016

  • Mapping Interstate Territorial Conflict

    Open Access•Kenneth A Schultz•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2017

  • Foulweather Friends

    Open Access•R Joseph Huddleston•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2021

  • Why Do States Build Walls? Political Economy, Security, and Border Stability

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, David B Carter et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2017

  • Mapping the International System, 1886-2019

    Open Access•Guy Schvitz, Luc Girardin et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2022

  • When Do Conflicting Political Relations Affect International Trade

    Open Access•Scott L Kastner•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2007

  • The Law Behind Dispute Onset

    Open Access•Umut Yüksel•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2025

  • Chipping Away at the Issues

    Open Access•Michaela Mattes•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2018

  • Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism

    Open Access•Burcu Savun, Barbara J Phillips et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2009

  • Dyads Are Dead, Long Live Dyads! The Limits of Dyadic Designs in International Relations Research

    Paul Poast•International Studies Quarterly•2016

  • Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? Border Barriers and the Transnational Flow of Terrorist Violence

    Nazli Avdan, Christopher Gelpi et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2016

  • Theorizing the Judicialization of International Relations

    Open Access•Karen J Alter, Emilie M Hafner-Burton et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2019

  • Why Territorial Disputes Escalate

    Open Access•Dan Altman, Marshall M Lee et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2022

  • The Uncertainty Trade-off

    Open Access•William Spaniel, Iris Malone•International Studies Quarterly•2019

  • Protecting Trade by Legalizing Political Disputes

    Open Access•Cindy L Davis, Christina L Davis et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2018

  • International Law, Territorial Disputes, and Foreign Direct Investment

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, David B Carter et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2019

  • The Saavedra Lamas Peace

    Open Access•Luis Schenoni, Gary Goertz et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2024

  • What Is Litigation in the World Trade Organization Worth

    Open Access•Michael M Bechtel, Thomas Sattler•International Organization•2015

  • The Making of the Territorial Order

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, David B Carter et al.•International Organization•2011

  • Barriers to Trade

    Open Access•D Bruce Carter, Paul Poast•International Organization•2020

  • Smuggling and Border Enforcement

    Open Access•Doo-Sub Kim, Yuhki Tajima•International Organization•2022

  • The Politics of Territorial Claims

    Open Access•H E Goemans, Kenneth A Schultz•International Organization•2017

  • Systemic Instability and the Emergence of Border Disputes

    Open Access•Scott F Abramson, D Bruce Carter et al.•International Organization•2021

  • Demographic Engineering and International Conflict

    Open Access•Lachlan Mcnamee, Anna Zhang•International Organization•2019

  • Taxonomy of interstate conflicts

    Open Access•Tássio Franchi, Eduardo Xavier Ferreira Glaser Migon et al.•Brazilian Political Science Review•2017

  • Borders, Conflict, and Trade

    Kenneth A Schultz•Annual Review of Political Science•2015

  • Border fortification and legibility

    Open Access•Christopher W Blair•American Journal of Political…•2025

  • Shaping states into nations

    Open Access•Carl Müller-Crepon, Carl Müller‐crepon et al.•American Journal of Political…•2025

  • Trade and Political Fragmentation on the Silk Roads

    Open Access•Lisa Blaydes, Christopher Paik•American Journal of Political…•2021

  • The Cart and the Horse Redux

    Open Access•Andrew P Owsiak, John A Vasquez•British Journal of Political…•2019

  • Cultural distance bridging strategy and partners’ trust

    Tianyuan Ma, Chuang Zhang et al.•Cross Cultural & Strategic…•2025

  • Oil smuggling, borderland and border management in Nigeria

    Sunday Omotuyi•African Identities•2024

  • Territorial Phantom Pains (and other Cartographic Anxieties)

    Open Access•Franck Billé•Environment and Planning D…•2014

  • Border Settlement Dynamics and Border Status Quo

    Laçin Idil Öztığ, Mehmet Akif Okur•Geopolitics•2023

  • Butterfly effects in global trade

    Open Access•Ryan Brutger, Tim Marple•Journal of Peace Research•2024

  • Territory and war

    Open Access•Monica Duffy Toft•Journal of Peace Research•2014

  • Economic origins of border fortifications

    Open Access•Afiq Bin Oslan•Journal of Peace Research•2025

  • The Historical Origins of Territorial Disputes

    Open Access•Scott F Abramson, D Bruce Carter et al.•American Political Science Review•2016

  • Endogenous Colonial Borders

    Open Access•Jack Paine, Xiaoyan Qiu et al.•American Political Science Review•2025

  • US Military Deployment and Its Effects on South Korea's Politics and Economy

    Open Access•Uk Heo, Seongyi Yun•Journal of Asian and African…•2021

  • Modernization and the transformation of international relations

    Edward L Morse•Modernization and the transformatio…•1976

  • Shaping the world economy

    Jan Tinbergen•Shaping the world economy•1962

  • Structure and change in economic history

    Douglass Cecil North•Structure and change in economic…•1981

  • Crises in world politics

    Michael Brecher•Crises in world politics•1993

  • Governments, Globalization, and International Business

    John H Dunning•Governments, globilization, and…•1999

  • Territorial Changes and International Conflict

    Paul F Diehl, Paul Diehl et al.•Territorial Changes and…•2002

  • National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade

    Albert Hirschman, Albert O Hirschman et al.•National Power and the Structure…•1945

  • Rival States, Rival Firms

    Open Access•John M Stopford, Susan Strange et al.•Rival States, Rival Firms•1991

  • The Regionalization of the World Economy

    Jeffrey A Frankel•The Regionalization of the World…•1997

  • Global financial integration

    Richard O'Brien•Global financial integration•1992

  • Modernity at large

    Arjun Appadurai•Modernity at large•1996

  • The rise of the trading state

    Richard N Rosecrance•The rise of the trading state•1986

  • After Hegemony

    Robert O Keohane•After Hegemony•2005

  • NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2005

    Kenneth S Rogoff, Mark Gertler et al.•NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2005•2006

  • Standing Your Ground

    Paul Huth, Paul K Huth•Standing Your Ground•1996

  • War and Change in World Politics

    Open Access•Robert Gilpin, Robert Gılpın•War and change in world politics•1981

  • The halse Promise of International Institutions

    John J Mearsheimer•International Organization•2017

  • The MID 3 data set, 1993–2001

    Douglas Lemke•Causes and consequences of…•2009

  • Peace and War

    Open Access•K J Holsti•Peace and War•1991

  • The MID3 Data Set, 1993—2001

    Open Access•Faten Ghosn, Glenn Palmer et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2004

  • Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816–1992

    Open Access•Daniel M Jones, Stuart A Bremer et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•1996

  • Charting A Course To Conflict

    Open Access•Paul R Hensel•Conflict Management and Peace…•1996

  • Geographical Proximity and Issue Salience

    Open Access•Paul D Senese•Conflict Management and Peace…•1996

  • International boundaries and territorial stability in the Middle East

    Open Access•Geraldn H Blake•GeoJournal•1992

  • Does War Impede Trade? A Response to Anderton & Carter

    Open Access•Katherine Barbieri, Jack S Levy•Journal of Peace Research•2001

  • Political boundaries and tourism

    Open Access•Dallen J Timothy•Tourism Management•1995

  • The False Promise of International Institutions

    John J Mearsheimer•International Security•1994

  • Politics Among Nations

    A F Ensor•International Affairs•1949

  • Allies, adversaries and international trade

    Lisa L Martins, Lisa Martin•International Affairs•1994

  • An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows

    R J Ball, Ray Ball et al.•The Economic Journal•1967

  • The Kuriles

    Open Access•G J R Linge•Australian Geographical Studies•1995

  • Russia and Asia in 1995

    Tsuneo Akaha•Asian Survey•1996

  • Fundamental Perspectives on International Law

    Tracy H Slagter, John D Van Doorn et al.•Fundamental Perspectives on…•2022

  • Realist Theory and the Problem of International Cooperation

    Joseph M Grieco•The Journal of Politics•1988

  • Expanded Trade and GDP Data

    Kristian Skrede Gleditsch•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2002

  • The (Ir)Relevance of Militarized Interstate Disputes for International Trade

    Quan Li, David H Sacko•International Studies Quarterly•2002

  • Why are some international agreements informal

    Open Access•Charles Lipson•International Organization•1991

  • Territoriality and beyond

    Open Access•John Gerard Ruggie•International Organization•1993

  • Hard and Soft Law in International Governance

    Open Access•Kenneth W Abbott, Duncan Snidal•International Organization•2000

  • Dirty Pool

    Open Access•Donald P Green, Soo Yeon Kim et al.•International Organization•2001

  • The Territorial Integrity Norm

    Open Access•Mark W Zacher•International Organization•2001

  • Conflict, Cooperation, and Commerce

    Brian M Pollins•American Journal of Political…•1989

  • Debordering the World of States

    Open Access•Joachim Blatter, Joachim K Blatter•European Journal of International…•2001

  • The Contractual Role of Boundaries

    Open Access•Beth V Yarbrough, Robert M Yarbrough•European Journal of International…•2003

  • Why Do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction, or Territoriality

    Open Access•John A Vasquez•Journal of Peace Research•1995

  • The Geography of the World Economy

    Paul J Taylor, Peter J Taylor et al.•Geographical Journal•1996

  • The Geographical Pivot of History

    H J Mackinder•Geographical Journal•1904

  • Measuring Alliances

    Open Access•Douglas M Gibler, Meredith Reid Sarkees•Journal of Peace Research•2004

  • Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data

    Open Access•Keith Jaggers, Ted Robert Gurr•Journal of Peace Research•1995

  • The Impact of War on Trade

    Open Access•Charles H Anderton, John R Carter•Journal of Peace Research•2001

  • Russo-Japanese Relations

    Owen Lattimore•International Affairs•1936

  • The Changing Political Economy of Japan's Economic Relations with Russia

    Lonny E Carlile•Pacific Affairs•1994

Unique citing works81
Citations per year4,26
Citation span2007 - 2026 (20)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 80

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae