Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Race and White Rural Consciousness

Bibliographic Data

ID6318652
AuthorsM D Nelsen (0000-0003-3916-9359), Christopher D Petsko (0000-0002-8795-0003)
Year2021
Volume19
Issue4
Pages1205-1218
Publication date2021-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePerspectives on Politics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1537-5927 • E-ISSN: 1541-0986
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s1537592721001948
OpenAlexW3193687398
LanguageEN
Citations received42
References cited33

The concept of rural consciousness has gained a significant amount of traction over the past several years, as evidenced by hundreds of citations and its inclusion within the most recent pilot of the ANES. However, many have questioned whether rural consciousness is appreciably different from racial prejudice. We assessed this issue by distributing a survey study to Wisconsinites living in rural and urban communities, and by examining the relationships between rural consciousness, racial resentment, and political attitudes in the ANES 2019 Pilot Study. The survey study revealed that participants living in rural parts of Wisconsin—unlike those living in urban parts—tended to think of city dwellers as possessing more negative attributes. In addition, the survey study revealed that rural participants thought of Milwaukeeans, specifically, as possessing stereotypically Black attributes. Moreover, this tendency was starker among those who scored higher on a measure of rural consciousness, suggesting that rural consciousness is related to racial stereotyping. Finally, in an analysis of the ANES 2019 Pilot Study, we found that rural consciousness correlated with racial resentment, and that controlling for racial resentment dramatically reduced the extent to which rural consciousness could predict political preferences (e.g., approval for Donald Trump). Thus, while white rural consciousness may not be reducible to racism, racism certainly plays a central role

Consciousness · Political science · Politics · Prejudice (legal term · Race (biology · Racism · Resentment · Rural area · Sociology · White (mutation · Environmental Justice and Health Disparities · Gender Studies · Place Attachment and Urban Studies · Psychology · Social Psychology · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies

  • Beyond anti-urban sentiment

    Open Access•Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•Political Geography•2024

  • Place, education, and voting along the transnational cleavage in Europe

    Open Access•Twan Huijsmans, Theresa Kuhn et al.•European Journal of Political…•2026

  • Placing Your Faith

    Open Access•James R G Kirk, Levi G Allen•Social Science Quarterly•2026

  • Revisiting Support for the Collection of Race and Crime Statistics

    Open Access•Jangwon Kim, Allison G Kondrat et al.•Crime & Delinquency•2025

  • Racialized Perceptions of Cities and the Attitudes of White Americans

    Open Access•Spencer C Lindsay, C R Melcher•Urban Affairs Review•2026

  • Polarization Entrepreneurs

    Open Access•Christoph H Stefes, Kayla M Gabehart et al.•Policy Studies Journal•2026

  • The Power of Place

    Open Access•Lukas K Alexander, Dihan Shi•Journal of Experimental Political…•2026

  • In Pursuit of Racial Equality

    Open Access•Flavio Azevedo, Tamara Marques et al.•Perspectives on Politics•2022

  • A rural-urban political divide among whom? Race, ethnicity, and political behavior across place

    Trevor E Brown, Gisela Pedroza Jauregui et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2024

  • Resentment or Empowerment? Civic Education and the Political Efficacy of Rural Individuals

    Open Access•Joshua M Jansa, Eve M Ringsmuth•American Politics Research•2025

  • As Seen on TV

    Open Access•Lukas K Alexander•American Politics Research•2026

  • Place-Based Resentment in Contemporary U.S. Elections

    Open Access•Nicholas F Jacobs, B Kal Munis•Political Research Quarterly•2022

  • The Efficacy Gap

    Open Access•Nicole Kalaf-Hughes, Debra Leiter•Political Research Quarterly•2025

  • The Changing Influence of Union Membership and Education for American Union Members’ Partisanship, Racial Resentment, and Social Welfare Preferences

    Open Access•Jeffrey W Koch•Labor Studies Journal•2025

  • The public agglomeration effect

    Open Access•Theo Serlin•American Journal of Political…•2025

  • Beyond Relief

    Brian T Hamel, Michael E Shepherd•The Journal of Politics•2026

  • Place resentment in ‘the places that don’t matter’

    Open Access•Twan Huijsmans•Acta Politica•2023

  • The Heterogeneous Associations of Rural Consciousness and Political Preferences

    Open Access•Trent Ollerenshaw•Political Behavior•2026

  • Rural Identity as a Contributing Factor to Anti-Intellectualism in the U.S

    Open Access•Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•Political Behavior•2022

  • Are they working for us? A geographic comparison of United States government performance evaluations in presidential elections, 2006–2020

    Open Access•Chelsea N Kaufman•Journal of Rural Studies•2025

  • The Emergence of the Second Amendment Sanctuary Movement

    Open Access•A Filindra, Cassidy Reller et al.•Publius The Journal of Federalism•2025

  • Rural Identity and LGBT Public Opinion in the United States

    Open Access•Jack Thompson•Public Opinion Quarterly•2023

  • Are rural attitudes just Republican

    Open Access•Jennifer Lin, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•Political Science Research and…•2024

  • Urban-Rural Differences in Non-Voting Political Behaviors

    Open Access•Jennifer Lin, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•Political Research Quarterly•2023

  • Whites’ Racial Resentment and Perceived Relative Discrimination Interactively Predict Participation

    Open Access•Colin J G Cepuran, Justin Berry•Political Behavior•2022

  • Feeling Out of Place

    Open Access•Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•Political Behavior•2024

  • Of Rural Resentment and Storming Capitols

    Open Access•B Kal Munis, Arif Memovic et al.•Political Behavior•2024

  • Place, Race, and the Geographic Politics of White Grievance

    Open Access•Richard Dawkins, Zoe Nemerever et al.•Political Behavior•2024

  • Sequential Polarization

    Open Access•Trevor E Brown, Suzanne Mettler•Perspectives on Politics•2024

  • Rural Politics in the United States

    Open Access•Trevor E Brown, Suzanne Mettler•Annual Review of Political Science•2025

  • God’s country

    Open Access•Levi G Allen, James R G Kirk•Politics and Religion•2025

  • When Politics Override Place

    Open Access•Thomas Hershewe, Asher Smith•American Politics Research•2025

  • Urban-Rural Differences in Respect for the Norms of American Civil-Military Relations

    Open Access•Jennifer Lin, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo•American Politics Research•2025

  • Race or Place

    Open Access•Kara Newby•American Politics Research•2024

  • Landscape of Distrust

    Open Access•James R G Kirk•American Politics Research•2025

  • Asymmetries in urban, suburban, and rural place-based resentment

    Open Access•Sophie Borwein, J Lucas•Political Geography•2023

  • Symbolic versus material concerns of rural consciousness in the United States

    Open Access•Kristin Lunz-Trujillo, Zack Crowley•Political Geography•2022

  • Institutional knowledge and perceived rural representation

    Open Access•R Urbatsch•Political Geography•2024

  • The role of place-based consciousness in Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy

    Open Access•Ramsey W Ash, E Carpenter-Song et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2025

  • Why some places don't seem to matter

    Open Access•Twan Huijsmans•Electoral Studies•2023

  • Place-based resentment and party support in multiparty systems

    Open Access•Twan Huijsmans, Wouter Van Der Brug•Electoral Studies•2025

  • Political Minority Identity Maintenance and Parenting in a Rural Small Town☆

    Open Access•L Backstrom•Rural Sociology•2025

  • White Identity Politics

    Open Access•A Jardina•White Identity Politics•2019

  • The Relationship Between Mental Representations of Welfare Recipients and Attitudes Toward Welfare

    Open Access•Jazmin L Brown-Iannuzzi, Ron Dotsch et al.•Psychological Science•2017

  • Qué pasa con Kansas?

    Mireya Hernández Pozuelo, Slavoj Žižek et al.•¿Qué pasa con Kansas?•2008

  • Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe

    Alberto Alesina, Edward L Glaeser et al.•Fighting poverty in the US and…•2004

  • Americans against the City

    Phillip J Obermiller•Journal of Appalachian Studies•2015

  • Reverse Correlating Social Face Perception

    Open Access•Ron Dotsch, Antony Todorov et al.•Social Psychological and…•2012

  • Racism Without Racists

    E Bonilla-Silva, Bonilla-Silva Eduardo•Racism Without Racists•2017

  • Toward a Social Psychology of Place

    Open Access•Richard C Stedman•Environment and Behavior•2002

  • The Politics of Resentment

    Katherine J Cramer•Politics of Resentment•2015

  • The Race Card

    Open Access•Tali Mendelberg•Race Card•2001

  • A Discussion of Katherine J. Cramer's The Politics of Resentment

    Open Access•Darren W Davis•Perspectives on Politics•2017

  • Frontlash

    Open Access•Vesla M Weaver•Studies in American Political…•2007

  • Racial stereotyping of gay men

    Open Access•Christopher D Petsko, Galen V Bodenhausen•Journal of Experimental Social…•2019

  • Paths Out of Dixie

    Robert Mickey•Journal of American History•2016

  • Why Americans hate welfare

    Martin Gilens•Why Americans hate welfare•1999

  • The Political Legacy of American Slavery

    Avidit Acharya, Matthew Blackwell et al.•The Journal of Politics•2016

  • Less Is More

    Christopher D Desante, Candis Watts Smith•The Journal of Politics•2020

  • The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale

    Open Access•P J Henry, Patrick Henry et al.•Political Psychology•2002

  • Political Socialization in Context

    Open Access•Julianna Sandell Pacheco•Political Behavior•2008

  • On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice

    Leonie Huddy, Stanley Feldman•Annual Review of Political Science•2009

  • What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior

    Open Access•Ryan D Enos•American Journal of Political…•2016

  • The origins of symbolic racism

    David O Sears, P J Henry et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2003

  • Qualitative Data Analysis

    Open Access•Matthew B Miles, A Michael Huberman•Journal of Environmental Psychology•1994

  • Putting Inequality in Its Place

    Open Access•Katherine Cramer Walsh•American Political Science Review•2012

  • Cues that Matter

    Open Access•Nicholas A Valentino, Vincent L Hutchings et al.•American Political Science Review•2002

  • New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination

    L Quillian•Annual Review of Sociology•2006

Unique citing works42
Citations per year10,5
Citation span2022 - 2026 (5)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 41

Tools

Open DOI
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae