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The longitudinal interplay of print exposure and auditory brain responses in the prediction of reading skills

Bibliographic Data

ID7148307
AuthorsAriane Tretow (0000-0002-2478-3690, University of Jyväskylä, corresponding author), Daria Khanolainen (0000-0002-1571-2938, University of Jyväskylä), Jarmo Hämäläinen, Jarmo A Hämäläinen (0000-0001-7188-8148, University of Jyväskylä), Minna Torppa (0000-0003-3834-9892, University of Jyväskylä), Paavo H T Leppänen (0000-0002-8941-2225, University of Jyväskylä)
Year2026
Volume272
Pages105671
Publication date2026-01-01
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueBrain and Language (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0093-934X • E-ISSN: 1090-2155
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105671
PMID41274207
OpenAlexW4416573153
LanguageEN
References cited78

Auditory brain responses' longitudinal interplay with print exposure and their predictive effects on reading skills were examined in a sample followed from age 4 to 10 years. Print exposure was represented by parent-child shared reading and children's independent print exposure, whereas speech and non-speech stimuli were used to evoke brain responses (N250). We also examined the roles of familial risk (parental dyslexia) and parental education in the path models. The results suggested significant links between print exposure and brain responses to speech. A reciprocal association existed between independent print exposure and brain responses to speech, whereas unidirectional path was found from non-speech brain responses to independent print exposure. Independent print exposure in turn predicted subsequent reading fluency. Increased Parent-child shared reading at the onset of formal literacy schooling was associated with more negative brain responses to speech stimuli. Family risk for dyslexia predicted poorer reading accuracy and fluency, and the effect did not run via print exposure or brain responses. These results suggest significant longitudinal associations between brain responses to auditory stimuli, print exposure, and reading outcomes implicating evidence for the brain-environment association. The precise underlying mechanisms require further investigation

Association (psychology) · Dyslexia · Literacy · Longitudinal study · Reading (process) · Reciprocal · Child Development and Digital Technology · Health Literacy and Information Accessibility · Reading and Literacy Development

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