Relating Latent Class Assignments to External Variables
Standard Errors for Correct Inference
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7971091 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Zsuzsa Bakk (0000-0001-9352-4812, Tilburg University, corresponding author), Daniel L Oberski (0000-0001-7467-2297, Tilburg University), Jeroen K Vermunt (0000-0001-9053-9330, Tilburg University) |
| Year | 2014 |
| Volume | 22 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 520-540 |
| Publication date | 2014-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Political Analysis (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1047-1987 • E-ISSN: 1476-4989 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1093/pan/mpu003 |
| OpenAlex | W2332504389 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 36 |
| References cited | 55 |
Latent class analysis is used in the political science literature in both substantive applications and as a tool to estimate measurement error. Many studies in the social and political sciences relate estimated class assignments from a latent class model to external variables. Although common, such a “three-step” procedure effectively ignores classification error in the class assignments; Vermunt (2010, “Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches,” Political Analysis 18:450–69) showed that this leads to inconsistent parameter estimates and proposed a correction. Although this correction for bias is now implemented in standard software, inconsistency is not the only consequence of classification error. We demonstrate that the correction method introduces an additional source of variance in the estimates, so that standard errors and confidence intervals are overly optimistic when not taking this into account. We derive the asymptotic variance of the third-step estimates of interest, as well as several candidate-corrected sample estimators of the standard errors. These corrected standard error estimators are evaluated using a Monte Carlo study, and we provide practical advice to researchers as to which should be used so that valid inferences can be obtained when relating estimated class membership to external variables
Class (philosophy · Covariate · Delta method · Econometrics · Estimator · Inference · Latent class model · Latent variable · Sample (material · Sample size determination · Standard error · Statistical inference · Statistics · Variance (accounting · Computer Science · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock · Mathematics · Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques · Artificial Intelligence
Bayesian Versus Frequentist Estimation for Structural Equation Models in Small Sample Contexts
Impact of Misspecifications of the Latent Variance–Covariance and Residual Matrices on the Class Enumeration Accuracy of Growth Mixture Models
Extensions of Auxiliary Variable Approaches for the Investigation of Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Effects in Mixture Models
Robustness of Stepwise Latent Class Modeling With Continuous Distal Outcomes
Modular item response and structural equation modelling via measurement and uncertainty preserving parametric modelling
Credence in code
Problematic use of the internet among adolescents
Bias-Adjusted Three-Step Multilevel Latent Class Modeling with Covariates
How to Perform Three-Step Latent Class Analysis in the Presence of Measurement Non-Invariance or Differential Item Functioning
Using Mixture Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling to Compare Structural Relations Across Many Groups
Dynamic Modeling with Intensive Longitudinal Data
Precluding Interpretational Confounding in Factor Analysis with a Covariate or Outcome via Measurement and Uncertainty Preserving Parametric Modeling
Identifying exploration profiles for higher education and their relationship with different student variables and outcomes
Beyond one-size-fits-all
Perceived barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the role of syndemic factors among female sex workers in the Mexico-United States border region
Travel contexts for different forms of multimodality in the new urban mobility landscape
Latent Class Mediation
Multilevel Factor Score Regression
Counterfactual Mediation Analysis with a Latent Class Exposure
Handling Missing Covariates in Conditional Mixture Models Under Missing at Random Assumptions
A Two-Step Estimator for Growth Mixture Models with Covariates in the Presence of Direct Effects
Stepwise Latent Class Models for Explaining Group-Level Outcomes Using Discrete Individual-Level Predictors
Patterns of Gender-Based Violence and Associations with Mental Health and HIV Risk Behavior Among Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya
Patterns of Event-Level Concurrent Substance Use During Sex Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Metro Vancouver
A latent class analysis of substance use and culture among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men
Dropout typologies
Predictive Relations Between Early Adversity, Nonlinear Trajectories of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Functioning, and Later Callous-Unemotional Traits
Three Models of US State-Level Charity Regulation
Latent Vector Autoregressive Modeling
Addressing Missing Data in Latent Class Analysis When Using a Three-Step Estimation Approach
Profiles of teachers’ occupational health
Trajectory Classes of Relational and Physical Bullying Victimization
The Effects of Neighborhood Context on Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Among Adolescents Involved in the Juvenile Justice System
A Bayesian mixture model captures temporal and spatial structure of voting blocs within longitudinal referendum data
From Sequences to Variables
Employment Quality
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models
Measurement Error Models
Latent Class Analysis
Margins of Error
Loglinear models with Latent Variables
Latent Class Analysis With Distal Outcomes
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Misspecified Models
A Note on the Delta Method
Classical Latent Profile Analysis of Academic Self-Concept Dimensions
Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling
Application of Model-Selection Criteria to Some Problems in Multivariate Analysis
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Estimation and Inference in Two-Step Econometric Models
Using Latent Class Analysis to Model Temperament Types
Estimating the Association between Latent Class Membership and External Variables Using Bias-adjusted Three-step Approaches
The Democracy Cluster Classification Index
Estimating Party Positions across Countries and Time—A Dynamic Latent Variable Model for Manifesto Data
Latent Class Modeling with Covariates
Estimating Latent Structure Models with Categorical Variables
The Analysis of Systems of Qualitative Variables When Some of the Variables Are Unobservable. Part I-A Modified Latent Structure Approach
Democracy as a Latent Variable
Latent Class Analysis of Survey Questions that Include Don't Know Responses
The Political Economy of Women's Support for Fundamentalist Islam
A Latent Class Analysis of Tolerance for Nonconformity in the American Public
New Empirical Strategies for the Study of Parliamentary Government Formation
How Robust Standard Errors Expose Methodological Problems They Do Not Fix, and What to Do About It
Reliable Inference in Highly Stratified Contingency Tables
Modeling New Party Performance
Text as Data
Model-based Clustering and Typologies in the Social Sciences
Classification by Opinion-Changing Behavior
Appropriators not Position Takers
Why Is Support for Extreme Parties Underestimated by Surveys? A Latent Class Analysis
Principled Tolerance and the American Mass Public
Communisn, Conformity, and Civil Liberties
The Semblance of Democratic Revolution
Social Stratification and Cultural Consumption
| Unique citing works | 36 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3 |
| Citation span | 2014 - 2026 (13) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 36 |