Race, Code of the Street, and Violent Delinquency
A Multilevel Investigation of Neighborhood Street Culture and Individual Norms of Violence
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9680682 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Eric A Stewart (0000-0003-1110-2400, Florida State University, corresponding author), R L Simons (0000-0002-4902-0462, University of Georgia) |
| Year | 2010 |
| Volume | 48 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 569-605 |
| Publication date | 2010-05-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Criminology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00196.x |
| PMID | 21666759 |
| PMCID | PMC3110733 |
| OpenAlex | W2122721092 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 127 |
| References cited | 115 |
The study outlined in this article drew on Elijah Anderson's (1999) code of the street perspective to examine the impact of neighborhood street culture on violent delinquency. Using data from more than 700 African American adolescents, we examined 1) whether neighborhood street culture predicts adolescent violence above and beyond an adolescent's own street code values and 2) whether neighborhood street culture moderates individual‐level street code values on adolescent violence. Consistent with Anderson's hypotheses, neighborhood street culture significantly predicts violent delinquency independent of individual‐level street code effects. Additionally, neighborhood street culture moderates individual‐level street code values on violence in neighborhoods where the street culture is widespread. In particular, the effect of street code values on violence is enhanced in neighborhoods where the street culture is endorsed widely
Code (set theory · Criminology · Juvenile delinquency · Multilevel model · Perspective (graphical · Race (biology · Set (abstract data type · Sociology · Computer Science · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Crime, Deviance, and Social Control · Gender Studies · Homelessness and Social Issues · Psychology · Social Psychology
Interlocking systems, intersecting identities
Sociocultural Theories of Violence
Fundamentals of Criminological and Criminal Justice Inquiry
The Contribution of Gang Membership to the Victim–Offender Overlap
Procedural Injustice, Lost Legitimacy, and Self-Help
Different Measures of Violent Attitudes May Not Be So Different After All
Code of the Street, Intimate Partner Violence, and Emotional Invalidation
Belief in the Code of the Street and Individual Involvement in Offending
Heterogeneity in the Continuity and Change of Early and Adult Risk Factor Profiles of Incarcerated Individuals
“Different Dialects”
Malevolent Creativity and Malevolent Innovation
Legal Socialization and Individual Belief in the Code of the Streets
Immigrant Culture and Neighborhood Perceived Violent Crime and Violent Victimization
School Honor Cultures and Violence
Latino Immigrant Disadvantage and the Neighborhood Context of Resident Perceptions of and Experiences with Crime and Safety
An Examination of Economic Strain, Negative Emotions, and Low Self-Control
What Does Culture “Look Like”? Cultural Models, Heterogeneity, and the Meaning of Trust in a Women’s Prison
Educational Responses Toward Community Violence
Controlling Schools
Street Codes and Adolescent Violent Victimization at School
Hong Kong University Students’ Normative Beliefs about Aggression toward Police during Social Protests 2019–2020
Hostile, Quick-Tempered, and Exposed to Dangerous Environments
Values and Violence Endorsement Among College Students in Turkey
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context
From Subcultures to Toolkits
The Cultural Ecology of Gun Violence
Violent Stories
Cultural mechanisms in neighborhood effects research in the united states
The intricate nature of vulnerability to victimization
The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample
When is violence honorable? Honor attitudes and aggression
Childhood trauma exposure and gun violence risk factors among victims of gun violence
The Code of the Street Fights Back! Significant Associations with Arrest, Delinquency, and Violence Withstand Psychological Confounds
Parenting and Adolescent Substance Use
Life After the Storm
Heavy-Contact Sport Participation and Early Adolescent Delinquency
Differentiating between direct and indirect hate crime
Cultural attributions for racial inequality
Gender, Race, and Homicide
Short‐term evaluation of Cure Violence St. Louis
Recruitment through Rule Breaking
Perspectives of respect, teacher–student relationships, and school climate among boys of color
Going to extremes
Social dominance orientation and trust propensity in street gangs
Breaking the code of the street
Co-productions of neighbourhood and social identity by young men living in an urban area with delinquent youth cliques
Endorsing the Street Code
The transformation of pro-violence norms
The role of neighborhood disadvantage, physical disorder, and collective efficacy in adolescent alcohol use
Neighborhood context and adjustment in African American youths from single mother homes
The Nexus of Homelessness and Incarceration
I Know God’s Got a Day 4 Me
Racial/Ethnic Composition and Violence
Neighborhood Norms, Disadvantage, and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration
Beyond individual and visible acts of violence
The significance of race/ethnicity in adolescent violence
Ecologies of risk among African American girls in juvenile detention
Violent attitudes in Portugal and Canada
Parental Monitoring, Association with Externalized Behavior, and Academic Outcomes in Urban African-American Youth
What Differences Do They See? Using Mixed Methods to Capture Adolescent Perceptions of Neighborhood Contexts
A community‐specific framework of risk factors for youth violence
Community‐level Victimization and Aggressive Behavior in African American Male Adolescents
Pathways to Early Violent Death
Avoiding Violent Victimization Among Youths in Urban Neighborhoods
The Contribution of Community and Family Contexts to African American Young Adults’ Romantic Relationship Health
Neighborhood Disorder, Family Functioning, and Risky Sexual Behaviors in Adolescence
Invited Address
Schools, Subcultural Values, and the Risk of Youth Violence
The Role of Adolescent Friendship Group Integration and Cohesion in Weapon-Related Violent Crime as a Young Adult
Social-psychological dynamics of police-minority relations
Neighborhood factors related to the likelihood of successful informal social control efforts
It's a War Out There
Low self-control and the adoption of street code values among young adults
The code of the street and cooperation with the police
Legal socialization and subcultural norms
Gender Attitudes and Fertility Aspirations among Young Men in Five High Fertility East African Countries
Wie wirken „Subkulturen der Gewalt“? Das Zusammenspiel von Internalisierung und Verbreitung gewaltlegitimierender Normen in der Erklärung von Jugendgewalt
I'm Still Waiting On That Golden Ticket”
Transitory Mobility, Cultural Heterogeneity, and Victimization Risk Among Young Men of Color
Peaceful Warriors
The Victim–offender Overlap in Context
Violent Offending and Victimization in Adolescence
Predicting the Violent Offender
Interrogating Race, Crime, and Justice in a Time of Unease and Racial Tension
The Central Place of Race in Crime and Justice—the American Society of Criminology's 2011 Sutherland Address
The Pragmatic American
The Code of the Street and Inmate Violence
Nerve” and violent encounters
Lessons of an Honour Code
Did Nonviolent Resistance Fail in Kosovo
Street Codes, Routine Activities, Neighbourhood Context and Victimization
Neighborhood Disorder, Urban Stressors, and Street Codes
The Racial Invariance Thesis and Neighborhood Crime
When does a provocation demand a violent response? A randomized scenario study of the code of the street
The African-American Entrepreneur–Crime Drop Relationship
The Code of Silence in Schools
The Intersection of Race and Community Poverty and Its Effects on Adolescents' Academic Achievement
Social Disadvantages and Peer Victimization
Assessing the acute effects of exposure to community violence among adolescents
Heterogeneity in the rise and decline of city-level homicide rates, 1976-2005
American apartheid
Code of the street
A place on the corner
Crime in the making
When Work Disappears
Delinquency and opportunity
Honor and the American dream
The Many Colors of Crime
Violence, aggression, and coercive actions.
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Multiple Problem Youth
Streetwise
Spatial Econometrics
Structure and Culture in African American Adolescent Violence
The Code of the Street
Neighborhood Characteristics, Peer Networks, and Adolescent Violence
Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct
Social context and racial disparities in punishment decisions
Self-Protection and the Culture of Honor
Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior
Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (Phoenix Books)
Hierarchical linear models
Delinquent Boys
The Truly Disadvantaged
Tally's Corner
Southern Violence
Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality
Street Justice
Families in Troubled Times
“I Ain't Gonna Let No One Disrespect Me”
Neighborhoods and Crime
The Subculture of Violence
Crime in the Making
"Getting Paid"
“The Streets”
Police Don't Like Black People”
Structure, Context, and Agency in the Reproduction of Black-on-Black Violence
Impression Management and the Escalation of Aggression and Violence
Pathways to Recurrent Trauma Among Young Black Men
An Eye for an Eye? A Note on the Southern Subculture of Violence Thesis
Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency
Violent Land
Concentrated Disadvantage, Traditional Male Role Models, and African‐american Juvenile Violence
Do Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Cause Well‐adjusted Children to Become Adolescent Delinquents? A Study of Male Juvenile Serious Offending, Individual Risk and Protective Factors, and Neighborhood Context
Disputes Involving Youth Street Gang Members
Angry Aggression Among the “Truly Disadvantaged”
A Test of the Black Subculture of Violence Thesis
Neighborhood Disadvantage and the Nature of Violence
We Never Call the Cops and Here Is Why
Macro‐micro Integration in the Study of Victimization
The Role of Public Social Control in Urban Neighborhoods
Assessing Neighborhood and Social Psychological Influences on Childhood Violence in an African‐american Sample
Two Worlds Far Apart
Structural Position and Violence
Extending Social Disorganization Theory
Race and Prison Violence
Collective Efficacy, Authoritative Parenting and Delinquency
Neighborhood and Delinquency
Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence
The Role of Attenuated Culture in Social Disorganization Theory
Social‐demographic Attitudes and Violence
Beyond the Bell Curve
Andean Indian Village 1
Violent Land
Ecometrics
Economic Pressure and Marital Quality
Navigating Dangerous Streets
Deviant Places
Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency
Delinquency and Opportunity
Destiny and Drift
Culture in Action
Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence
The Conflict of Values in Delinquency Areas
Regional Subculture and Homicide
Values and Violence
Crime as Social Control
When Work Disappears
To Live-and Die-in Dixie
The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing
Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance
Socioeconomic Status, Subcultural Definitions, and Violent Delinquency
Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime
Defiance and Despair
The Subculture of Violence and Delinquency
The Dynamics of Moral Beliefs and Minor Deviance
Gangstas, Thugs, and Hustlas
Retaliatory Homicide
Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction
The Empirical Status of the Subculture of Violence Thesis
I See Death around the Corner
The Paradox of Social Organization
The Schedule of Racist Events
Assessing 'Neighborhood Effects
Violent Values, Conduct Norms, and Youth Aggression
The Subcultural Theory of Urbanism
Region and Violent Attitudes Reconsidered
Regional and Racial Effects on the Urban Homicide Rate
Deterrence, Poverty, and Type of Homicide
| Unique citing works | 127 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 8,47 |
| Citation span | 2011 - 2026 (16) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 126 |