Robert T Carter
Biographic Data
| ID | 99031 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert T Carter |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert T |
| FAMILY NAME | Carter |
| SIGNATURE | CARTER R T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Columbia University |
| ORCID | 0009-0008-7557-1568 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 65 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1074 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 65 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Black American’s Strengths-Based Cultural Practices: Tools for Clinicians to Promote Psychological Well-Being
Black Americans' Strengths-Based Cultural Practices: Tools for Clinicians to Promote Psychological Well-Being uses historical, social, scientific, and psychological research to detail how mental health professionals can use the cultural practices of Black Americans and communities to promote positive psychosocial health. Building on experiences of racial oppression and cultural values, Dr’s. Carter, Pieterse, and Forsyth offer an evidence-based f…
Experiences of racism, race-based traumatic stress, and mental health outcomes among Asian Americans: A mediation model
Observations about Holistic Care from the Experience of a Medical Student Shadowing a Chaplain
The project was initiated when a medical student expressed interest in shadowing a chaplain during their third-year clinical rotations. The Hospital Library Service supported this inquiry by providing readings about intentional programs and a medical practitioner spiritual screening for both the chaplain and student to review. By coordinating with the student's medical supervision, different times were found throughout the day such that a variety…
The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and race-based traumatic stress
Those with average-level RBTS symptoms appear to endorse more PTSD criteria, while those with elevated RBTS scores do not. The study, therefore, highlights the need for further investigation of how diagnostic measures of trauma may differentiate from trauma symptoms related to race-based experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Racial discrimination and trauma symptoms: Further support for the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale
The RBTSSS demonstrates strong relations with other symptom measures and perceived discrimination, supporting the validity of the RBTSSS scores. Both researchers and practitioners may benefit from use of the instrument which captures emotional outcomes specific to racial trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Differences in Emotional Responses to Race-Based Trauma among Black and White Americans
Scholars have identified race-based stress as a unique form of stress and have examined associated mental and physical health outcomes, yet less is known about the emotional responses and accompanying symptoms associated with negative race-based events and how these experiences differ by racial group membership, stress level, and/or race-based event type. This paper explores and compares the differences in emotional and race-based stress symptom …
Race-Based Stress in White Adults: Exploring the Role of White Racial Identity Status Attitudes and Type of Racial Events
The impact of racial experiences on Whites has been underresearched and has rarely been considered traumatic. To understand these experiences, it is important to consider variation in one's orientation to their racial group (i.e., racial identity) and the type of racial encounter. Using a White adult sample and hierarchical cluster analysis, the authors found that reactions to race-based encounters were associated with varying levels of psycholog…
Black Cultural Strengths and Psychosocial Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis With Black American Adults
Based on historical literature, Black Americans have persisted through centuries of oppression in North America. To survive, they retained Africultural values and adopted group-specific practices. Black cultural values and practices can potentially, if bolstered, increase psychosocial health in this population. In the current study, we examined specific Black values and practices and their collective ability to predict psychosocial health. In a s…
Confronting Racism: Integrating Mental Health Research into Legal Strategies and Reforms
This book proposes a comprehensive approach to confronting racism through a foundational framework as well as practical strategies to correct and reverse the course of the past and catalyze the stalled efforts of the present. It will do so by focusing on those specific aspects of law and legal theory that intersect with psychological research and practice. In Part I, the historical and current underpinnings of racial injustice and the obstacles t…
Measuring the Effects of Racism: Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Race-Based Traumatic Stress Injury
A large body of research has established a relationship between experiences of racial discrimination and adverse effects on mental and physical health. Robert T. Carter and Alex L. Pieterse offer a manual for mental health professionals on how to understand, assess, and treat the effects of racism as a psychological injury.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Racial Discrimination: Relationships to Health and Culture
Counseling Psychology and the Amelioration of Oppression: Translating Our Knowledge Into Action
In the new millennium, counseling psychologists have answered the call to address oppression related to intersectional identities. We have played a major role in the development of practice guidelines and policies, as well as in the application of ethical principles in cultural contexts. The Counseling Psychologist has served to disseminate information addressing needs and interventions for diverse communities. In this article, we review the hist…
Editors’ Reflections on the Crown Jewel of the Society of Counseling Psychology: 1969–2019
The living editors of The Counseling Psychologist provide reflections on their editorial terms to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Journal. They recall their vision for the Journal and include noteworthy accomplishments and changes during their terms. Two members of The Counseling Psychologist’s 50th Anniversary Committee provided retrospective accounts for editors Fretz and Stone
Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta‐Analytic Review
In this meta‐analysis, the authors reviewed 105 studies on the relationships between racial discrimination and health outcomes among racial/ethnic minority Americans. The authors tested for moderator effects of measurement strategies, cultural factors, substance use, gender, and racial group differences. Findings indicate a statistically significant effect size between racial discrimination and health, with the largest effect for mental health an…
Construct validity of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale and tests of measurement equivalence
The findings of the CFA and SEM provide support for the measurement and theoretical models of the RBTSSS. Study findings offer scholarly and practical contributions to trauma assessment and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale: Development and preliminary validation
It has been found that there is preliminary evidence for the validity of the newly developed Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale. Moreover, results of this study provide critical information in assisting clinicians treating individuals with appropriated racial oppression
The Relationship Between Racial Identity Status Attitudes and Acculturation Among Chinese and Korean Americans: A Criterion Profile Analysis
This study tested the relationship between racial identity and acculturation among 223 Asian Americans self-identifying as Chinese American or Korean American. Findings showed within-group variations among the study participants with regard to their racial identity status attitudes and acculturation. Using criterion profile analysis, the authors found 2 distinctive criterion profiles of racial identity status attitudes that significantly related …
Development and preliminary validation of the Racism-Related Coping Scale
Emotions and White Racial Identity Status Attitudes
Relationships between emotional states and White racial identity status attitudes (Helms, , 1990) were tested on a sample of 286 White students. The stimulus was a vignette in which one condition involved explicit racial information and one did not. Participants rated baseline and posttest emotions and completed the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Carter, ). In the race condition, levels of posttest fear decreased as levels of auton…
Race and Racial Identity Status Attitudes: Mock Jury Decision Making in Race Discrimination Cases
This study examined the relationship between race and racial identity status attitudes and jury decision making with a sample of 210 racially diverse mock jurors. Participants were shown an employment stimulus case and asked to determine whether the facts supported that the plaintiff had been discriminated against and had suffered emotional distress. Chi-square tests found both in-group and out-group racial bias. Logistic regression analyses used…
Racism-Related Stress, General Life Stress, and Psychological Functioning Among Black American Women
The relationship between general life stress, perceived racism, and psychological functioning was explored in a sample of 118 Black American women. Findings indicate that racism-related stress was not a significant predictor of psychological functioning when controlling for general life stress. Perceived racism was positively associated with general life stress. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.La relación entre el estr…
Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review.
The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the associations between racism and mental health among Black Americans. Using a random-effects model, we found a…
The relationship between racial identity status attitudes, racism-related coping, and mental health among Black Americans
To date, few studies have examined how different strategies for coping with racism affect the mental health of Black Americans, and none have explored how racial identity status attitudes and racism-related coping affect mental health. This study sought to examine the relationship between racial identity status attitudes, the specific strategies used by Black Americans to cope with racism, and mental health outcomes. Participants were 233 Black a…
Race-related stress, racial identity status attitudes, and emotional reactions of Black Americans
The current study explored the relationship between race-related stress, racial identity status attitudes and emotional states among 229 Black Americans. Canonical correlation analyses revealed a shared variate between emotions and racial identity status attitudes in which anger, depression confusion and tension were related positively to Conformity and inversely related to Internalization status attitudes. Implications for research are discussed
Initial development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale: Assessing the emotional impact of racism
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training
Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors
This study examines Black, Latino, Asian American, American Indian and Biracial participants' (N = 260) emotional and psychological reactions to encounters with racism, and the help-seeking strategies they used to deal with those reactions. This class of participants is important to study because its members are likely to live and/or work in racially diverse environments. Participants who reported direct experiences with racism had higher levels …
Racial Identity Attitudes and Psychological Functioning
The Relationship Between Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Perceptions of Racial Discrimination in an Afro-Caribbean Descent Sample
Racial identity ego statuses (i.e., one's psychological orientation to his or her racial group membership) can have an important impact on how some Blacks perceive and experience racial discrimination in the United States. The present study investigates the relationships between racial identity status attitudes, ethnic identity, and perceptions of racial discrimination among 82 Afro-Caribbeans. Results indicate that racial identity and ethnic ide…
Initial development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale: Assessing the emotional impact of racism
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial ldentity Among White Americans: An Exploratory Investigation
This research explored the relationship between White racial identity attitudes and racism. Participants were 100 White students from a large midwestern university who were asked to complete the New Racism Scale and the White Racial Identity Inventory. Multiple regression analyses found that White racial identity attitudes were predictive of racism. The study, however, also found gender differences in White racial identity. Results of the study a…
The Relationships Between Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity, and Mental Health for Black Americans
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between race-related stress, racial identity, and mental health in a sample of 255 Black American adults. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that racial identity and race-related stress predicted mental health; however, racial identity accounted for more of the variance in mental health. These findings provide evidence that a person's racial identity must be considered when unders…
Black Cultural Strengths and Psychosocial Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis With Black American Adults
Based on historical literature, Black Americans have persisted through centuries of oppression in North America. To survive, they retained Africultural values and adopted group-specific practices. Black cultural values and practices can potentially, if bolstered, increase psychosocial health in this population. In the current study, we examined specific Black values and practices and their collective ability to predict psychosocial health. In a s…
Black Adolescent Girls: Do Gender Role and Racial Identity: Impact Their Self-Esteem
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial Identity for White Americans: A Profile Analysis
This investigation examined how racial identity profiles, using J. E. Helms's (1996) profile scoring procedure, were related to racist attitudes. One finding showed that participants with an undifferentiated or flat profile scored significantly higher in racist attitudes than participants with other racial identity profiles. Implications for counseling practice and research are discussed.Esta investigación examina cómo los perfiles de identidad r…
The Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale: Development and preliminary validation
It has been found that there is preliminary evidence for the validity of the newly developed Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale. Moreover, results of this study provide critical information in assisting clinicians treating individuals with appropriated racial oppression
The relationship between racial identity status attitudes, racism-related coping, and mental health among Black Americans
To date, few studies have examined how different strategies for coping with racism affect the mental health of Black Americans, and none have explored how racial identity status attitudes and racism-related coping affect mental health. This study sought to examine the relationship between racial identity status attitudes, the specific strategies used by Black Americans to cope with racism, and mental health outcomes. Participants were 233 Black a…
Race-related stress, racial identity status attitudes, and emotional reactions of Black Americans
The current study explored the relationship between race-related stress, racial identity status attitudes and emotional states among 229 Black Americans. Canonical correlation analyses revealed a shared variate between emotions and racial identity status attitudes in which anger, depression confusion and tension were related positively to Conformity and inversely related to Internalization status attitudes. Implications for research are discussed
Becoming Racially and Culturally Competent: The Racial-Cultural Counseling Laboratory
In this article, a component of the Racial-Cultural Counseling Competence model, introduced by R.T. Carter (1995), is described. The Racial-Cultural Counseling Laboratory course is presented to provide readers with an understanding of a cognitive, behavioral, and affective integrative approach to racial-cultural competence training.Este artículo describe una parte integrante del modelo de Aptitud de Consejo Racial y Cultural presentado por R.T. C…
At the Crossroads: Racial and Womanist Identity Development in Black and White Women
This study explored the hypothesis that womanist identity and racial identity development are related. The racial identiy and womanist identity attitudes of 214 women were measured using the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the White Racial Identity Attitude Scales (WRIAS), and the Womanist Identity Attitude Scale. Canonical correlation analysis was used to determine the nature of relationships among racial identity and womanist identity att…
The Relationship of Black Value-Orientations to Racial Identity Attitudes
The authors investigated content and structure of cultural values for Black Americans. Differences in sex, racial identity, and an Afro-Euro-American mixture of cultural values were found
The Role of Racial Identity in Perceived Racism and Psychological Stress Among Black American Adults: Exploring Traditional and Alternative Approaches
This investigation tested whether racial identity status attitudes moderated the relationship between perceived racism and psychological functioning in a sample of 340 Black American adults. The study utilized 2 approaches to racial identity assessment: the standard group‐means approach, plus a profile analysis of individual racial identity statuses. Results based on the group‐means approach indicated that racial identity did not moderate the rel…
Development and preliminary validation of the Racism-Related Coping Scale
Racial Identity Status Profiles and Expressions of Anger in Black Americans: An Exploratory Study
The relationship between Black adult racial identity status profiles and anger expression was examined. Two profiles, Undifferentiated and Immersion-Emersion, emerged. A comparison of modes of anger expression revealed that the Immersion-Emersion dominant profile was associated with higher scores on Anger-Out and lower scores on Anger-Control. Implications for research and counseling are discussed.Se examinó la relación entre los perfiles del est…
Racial Identity as Mediator of the Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Severity of Psychological Symptoms in Black, Latino, and Asian Men
Gender and Racial Issues for New Counseling Psychologists in Academia
Counseling psychology has begun to focus on the concerns of new professionals, but it has not addressed the concerns of women or visible racial/ethnic group members (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American) as new counseling psychologists in academia. This article addresses their unique concerns and makes recommendations for new faculty members as well as for the departments that hire them. The article focuses on issues (a) for …
Racism-Related Stress, General Life Stress, and Psychological Functioning Among Black American Women
The relationship between general life stress, perceived racism, and psychological functioning was explored in a sample of 118 Black American women. Findings indicate that racism-related stress was not a significant predictor of psychological functioning when controlling for general life stress. Perceived racism was positively associated with general life stress. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.La relación entre el estr…
Construct validity of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale and tests of measurement equivalence
The findings of the CFA and SEM provide support for the measurement and theoretical models of the RBTSSS. Study findings offer scholarly and practical contributions to trauma assessment and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Counseling Psychologist in the New Millennium: Building a Bridge From the Past to the Future
It is with enthusiasm, a strong commitment, and humility that I share with you my vision for the journal as the incoming editor of The Counseling Psychologist (TCP). During the past 30 years, TCP has established an outstanding reputation for publishing high-quality, scholarly articles. In looking back at the past 15 years as a consumer of TCP, I can recall reading and considering various trends in counseling psychology and being proud that I was …
An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Racism, Racial Identity, Perceptions of Health, and Health Locus of Control among Black American Women
This exploratory investigation examined the relationship between racial identity and perceived racism as predictor variables and perceptions of health status and health locus of control as criterion variables in a sample of 90 Black American women. Results of a canonical correlational analysis indicated a shared variance of 37% between these two sets of variables. This finding highlights the need to focus on perceived racism and racial identity a…
The Relationship of Black Value-Orientations to Racial Identity Attitudes
The authors investigated content and structure of cultural values for Black Americans. Differences in sex, racial identity, and an Afro-Euro-American mixture of cultural values were found
The Relationship Between Racial Identity Attitudes and Social Class
A long-standing debate in the personality literature concerns the question of whether socioeconomic characteristics or adaptations to Black culture best explain the personality development of Black Americans. On one side of the debate, according to Steele and Davis,' are the proponents of the social class or culture of poverty theory. They believe that social class status is the most crucial variable for explaining Black personality characteristi…
Demographic Characteristics of Greater Washington, D.C. Area Black Parents Who Chose Nonpublic Schooling for Their Young
Robert T. Carter, Faustine C. Jones-Wilson, Nancy L. Arnez, Demographic Characteristics of Greater Washington, D.C. Area Black Parents Who Chose Nonpublic Schooling for Their Young, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Winter, 1989), pp. 39-49
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial ldentity Among White Americans: An Exploratory Investigation
This research explored the relationship between White racial identity attitudes and racism. Participants were 100 White students from a large midwestern university who were asked to complete the New Racism Scale and the White Racial Identity Inventory. Multiple regression analyses found that White racial identity attitudes were predictive of racism. The study, however, also found gender differences in White racial identity. Results of the study a…
Racial Identity Attitudes and Psychological Functioning
Gender and Racial Issues for New Counseling Psychologists in Academia
Counseling psychology has begun to focus on the concerns of new professionals, but it has not addressed the concerns of women or visible racial/ethnic group members (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American) as new counseling psychologists in academia. This article addresses their unique concerns and makes recommendations for new faculty members as well as for the departments that hire them. The article focuses on issues (a) for …
The Counseling Process as Defined by Relationship Types: A Test of Helms's Interactional Model
Helms (1984) presented a model to explain the influence of Black and White racial identity development on counseling interactions. The purpose of this study was to examine her hypothesis that specific combinations of racial identity attitudes contribute to qualitatively different counseling process and outcome or relationship types
Pioneers of Multicultural Counseling: An Interview With Janet E. Helms
This article presents an interview with Dr. Janet E. Helms, scholar, researcher, and mentor in the fields of multicultural counseling and psychology. In this interview, Dr. Helms reflects on her educational and professional development and gives her thoughts about multiculturalism as it relates to her own work
The Cultural Context of Psychology: Questions for Accurate Research and Appropriate Practice
At the Crossroads: Racial and Womanist Identity Development in Black and White Women
This study explored the hypothesis that womanist identity and racial identity development are related. The racial identiy and womanist identity attitudes of 214 women were measured using the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the White Racial Identity Attitude Scales (WRIAS), and the Womanist Identity Attitude Scale. Canonical correlation analysis was used to determine the nature of relationships among racial identity and womanist identity att…
White Racial Identity Attitude Theories: A Rose by Any Other Name is Still a Rose
The purpose of this article is to examine the White racial consciousness model (Rowe, Bennettu & Atkinson, 1994)J which has been proposed as a superior conceptualization for understanding White racial attitudes than existing frameworks, specifically Helms's (1990) theory of White racial identity attitudes. Rowe et al. (1994) have argued for the superiority of the White racial consciousness model because it can "describe the phenomena more accurat…
White Racial Identity and Expectations About Counseling
Although there have been several studies that have explored people's expectations about counseling, to date there has been no such exploration from a racial-cultural perspective. This study sought to explore the relationship between White racial identity attitudes and expectations about counseling. Although the results showed that men and women differ in their expectations about counseling and in their levels of White racial identity attitudes, t…
Black Racial Identity and Psychosocial Competence: A Preliminary Study
This study investigated whether Black racial identity attitudes predict psychosocial competence as defined by Tyler's tridimensional model. In particular, two aspects of Tyler's model of psychosocial competence were examined: self-attitudes and behavioral attitudes. Participants in this study were 103 (65 females, 38 males) Black undergraduates who completed the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the Behavioral Attributes of Psychosocial Compe…
The Status of Racial/Ethnic Research in Counseling Psychology: Committed or Complacent
There has been a growing demandfor research that explores racial/ethnic issues within psychology. However, analyses of leading counseling psychology journals suggest that attention devoted to racial/ethnic issues is disproportionately less in comparison to other topics. This study is a content analysis of racial and ethnic issues in three journals along specific areas for their level of commitment versus complacency: studyframe, method, analysis,…
Voices in the Winter: Discussions Around the Winter Roundtable
Back to the Future in Cultural Competence Training
The Counseling Psychologist in the New Millennium: Building a Bridge From the Past to the Future
It is with enthusiasm, a strong commitment, and humility that I share with you my vision for the journal as the incoming editor of The Counseling Psychologist (TCP). During the past 30 years, TCP has established an outstanding reputation for publishing high-quality, scholarly articles. In looking back at the past 15 years as a consumer of TCP, I can recall reading and considering various trends in counseling psychology and being proud that I was …
Becoming Racially and Culturally Competent: The Racial-Cultural Counseling Laboratory
In this article, a component of the Racial-Cultural Counseling Competence model, introduced by R.T. Carter (1995), is described. The Racial-Cultural Counseling Laboratory course is presented to provide readers with an understanding of a cognitive, behavioral, and affective integrative approach to racial-cultural competence training.Este artículo describe una parte integrante del modelo de Aptitud de Consejo Racial y Cultural presentado por R.T. C…
Counseling Psychology and School Counseling: A Call to Collaboration
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial Identity for White Americans: A Profile Analysis
This investigation examined how racial identity profiles, using J. E. Helms's (1996) profile scoring procedure, were related to racist attitudes. One finding showed that participants with an undifferentiated or flat profile scored significantly higher in racist attitudes than participants with other racial identity profiles. Implications for counseling practice and research are discussed.Esta investigación examina cómo los perfiles de identidad r…
Current Manifestations of Racism: An Exploratory Study of Social Distance and White Racial Identity
White racial identity theory postulates that White individuals differ in their psychological orientation to race. However, the racial attitudes research has not examined how these differences impact the degree of social contact an individual is likely to have with members from other racial groups. The authors assessed participants' White racial identity and social distance towards White, Asian, Black, Native, and Latino Americans. The nature of t…
Black Adolescent Girls: Do Gender Role and Racial Identity: Impact Their Self-Esteem
Racial Identity as Mediator of the Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Severity of Psychological Symptoms in Black, Latino, and Asian Men
Race and Racism in Counseling Psychology Research, Training, and Practice: A Critical Review, Current Trends, and Future Directions
The modern civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s radically transformed practice and research in applied psychology, at least in terms of its understanding of race and racism. Rapid changes in psychology generally and in counseling psychology specifically occurred on the coattails of the Black, Brown, and women power activities during the volatile years of the late 1960s and early 1970s (Carter, 2005; Heppner, Casas, Carter, & Stone, 2000).…
White American Attitudes in Interracial Situations: An Empirical Examination of Perceived Behavioral Options and White Racial Identity
The societal trend that involves pressure to stay within the boundary of one's particular racial group in the United States was investigated. Canonical correlation was used to explore the idea that a person's psychological orientation to race influences subsequent behaviors in interracial social scenarios. The results indicated that differences in White racial identity attitudes predicted social distance in interracial social scenarios. White rac…
Psychology (61 works) · Sociology (45 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (36 works) · Social Psychology (33 works) · Social Psychology (31 works) · Gender Studies (26 works) · Gender Studies (24 works) · Clinical Psychology (23 works) · Clinical Psychology (22 works) · Racism (22 works)