Why Most People Disapprove of Me
Experience Sampling in Impression Formation
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 19600647 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jerker Denrell (0000-0001-9628-1924, Stanford University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2005 |
| Volume | 112 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 951-978 |
| Publication date | 2005-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Psychological Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0033-295X • E-ISSN: 1939-1471 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0033-295x.112.4.951 |
| PMID | 16262475 |
| OpenAlex | W2168419630 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 61 |
| References cited | 256 |
Individuals are typically more likely to continue to interact with people if they have a positive impression of them. This article shows how this sequential sampling feature of impression formation can explain several biases in impression formation. The underlying mechanism is the sample bias generated when the probability of interaction depends on current impressions. Because negative experiences decrease the probability of interaction, negative initial impressions are more stable than positive impressions. Negative initial impressions, however, are more likely to change for individuals who are frequently exposed to others. As a result, systematic differences in interaction patterns, due to social similarity or proximity, will produce systematic differences in impressions. This mechanism suggests an alternative explanation of several regularities in impression formation, including a negativity bias in impressions of outgroup members, systematic differences in performance evaluations, and more positive evaluations of proximate others
Advertising · Cognitive psychology · Experience sampling method · Impression · Impression formation · Impression management · Mechanism (biology) · Negativity effect · Outgroup · Perception · Precedent · Similarity (geometry) · Social perception · Social relation · Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
High Standards Enhance Inequality in Idealized Labor Markets
Interdependent sampling and social influence
Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction
Evaluating categories from experience
Towards a deeper understanding of impression formation—New insights gained from a cognitive-ecological perspective
Claiming a large slice of a small pie
Overconfidence among beginners
More is not less
The evolution of misbelief
The description–experience gap in risky choice
Close Encounters
Intuition
How Endogenous Crowd Formation Undermines the Wisdom of the Crowd in Online Ratings
Fifth Grade Students Engaged in a Cooperative Learning Environment
A Description–Experience Framework of the Psychology of Risk
Using theoretical constraints and the Tasi taxonomy to delineate predictably replicable findings
Social impression formation and depression
First Impressions of Physicians According to Their Physical and Social Group Characteristics
Navigating the Social Environment
Small Sample Size and Group Homogeneity
Perceived changes in trait attributions to others and the self
Children are more exploratory and learn more than adults in an approach-avoid task
Social autonomy ≠ social empowerment
Information Processing Differences in Active Versus Passive Person Perceivers
Choosing What You Like or Liking What You Chose? Sampling’s Impact on Evaluation and the Role of Idiosyncratic Reactions to Valent Stimuli
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Leaders May Not be to Blame for the Prevalence of Low Enrichment
Freely-chosen positive intergroup imagery causes improved outgroup emotions and encourages increased contact seeking immediately and at follow-up
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Detection and Selection Decisions with Conditional Feedback
The Impact of Asymmetric Partial Feedback on Response‐Bias
Persistence of the Uncanny Valley
Simple Heuristics in a Social World
Sampling in Judgment and Decision Making
Less is more
Rethinking rose-tinted glasses
On rewarded actions and punishment-avoidant inactions
Cognitive‐Adaptive Trait Theory
Processes of Social Influence on Sampling Behavior
Dimensions of AI de-anthropomorphization based on impression integration theory
Referrals and information flow in networks increase discrimination
A simple, dynamic extension of temporal motivation theory
The evaluative information ecology
Relativity in Social Cognition
The development of escalation bias across the life span
From intrapsychic to ecological theories in social psychology
Close to me
Attitude similarity and interpersonal liking
My friends are all alike — the relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception
Person perception by active versus passive perceivers
Advisors want their advice to be used – but not too much
The malleability of sampling's impact on evaluation
Who's on first? People asymmetrically attend to higher-ranked (vs. lower-ranked) competitors
Individual differences in escalation of commitment
Examining the Relationship Between Early Experience, Selective Attention, and the Formation of Learning Traps
How Politicians Learn from Citizens’ Feedback
Biased evaluations emerge from inferring hidden causes
Biased first impressions yield positive illusions that facilitate friendship initiation
Social identity and intergroup relations
Structural contexts of opportunities
To dwell among friends
Social comparison processes
Ethnocentrism and intergroup attitudes
Human inference
Men and women of the corporation
Markets and Hierarchies : analysis and antitrust implications
Handbook of Social Psychology
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
Perception and communication.
The Collegial Phenomenon
Stochastic models for learning.
The acquaintance process.
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Confidence in judgment
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Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships
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Responses to Interracial Interactions Over Time
The Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior
A Relational View of Information Seeking and Learning in Social Networks
Beyond the Contact Hypothesis
Order effects in belief updating
Experience-weighted Attraction Learning in Normal Form Games
The impact of applicant gender compared to qualifications on hiring recommendations
The Role of Ignorance in Intergroup Relations
Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Death
Interpersonal Processes
A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception.
Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing.
Sex Effects on Evaluation
Judgment under Uncertainty
Prospect Theory
On the psychology of prediction.
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Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations
Theories of intergroup relations
Scientific Community.
Trust
Social behavior
The Social Psychology of Groups
The Street-Level Epistemology of Trust
Description and Prescription
Groups in contact
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Social identity and intergroup relations
Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Recent Meta-Analytic Findings
The attraction paradigm
Stereotypes
Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Out-Group Variability, and Out-Group Attitude
Sex Discrimination in Simulated Employment Contexts
The Antecedents and Implications of Interracial Anxiety
Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice
Surveillance and trust1
The Warm‐cold Variable in First Impressions of Persons
The Street-Level Epistemology of Trust
The Selection of Friends
What is beautiful is good, but
Children's peer relations
Evaluations and Perceptions of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup
Pages from a sociometric notebook
A ratings-based approach to two-dimensional sociometric status determination
Ethnic identification and preference
Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information
Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review
Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation
The Collegial phenomenon. The social mechanisms of cooperation among peers in a corporate law partnership
Intergroup Perceptual Accuracy Predicts Real-Life Intergroup Interactions
Group Size, Group Status and Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes
The Effects of Ingroup and Outgroup Friendships on Ethnic Attitudes in College
Personal Self-Esteem and Prejudice among Ethnic Majority and Minority Youth
Identification Problems in the Social Sciences
Intergroup evaluations and social context
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
The positive‐negative asymmetry
Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status
Pygmalion in the classroom
A Note on Ratings Versus Choices as Measures of Group Attraction
The Development of Trust and Mistrust in Mixed-Motive Games
Some Relationships Between Interpersonal Judgments and Sociometric Status in a College Group
Proximity and Similarity Effects on Frequency of Interaction in a Class of Naval Recruits
Group Characteristics as Revealed in Sociometric Patterns and Personality Ratings
Social Categorization and Behavioral Episodes
Intergroup Contact
Intergroup Anxiety
Micro Data, Heterogeneity, and the Evaluation of Public Policy
Effect of continuous responding on the order effect in personality impression formation
Attention and weight in person perception
Attitudinal effects of mere exposure
The role of typical diagnosticity in stereotype-based judgments
The Robustness of the Recency Effect
Autistic Hostility and Social Reality
Social Comparison and Interpersonal Attraction
Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception
It’s in the mind of the beholder
The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction
The “false consensus effect”
Exposure effects in the classroom
A Distributed Memory Model of Averaging Phenomena in Person Impression Formation
| Unique citing works | 61 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,21 |
| Citation span | 2007 - 2026 (20) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 53 |