Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Advancing Achievement Goal Theory

Using Goal Structures and Goal Orientations to Predict Students' Motivation, Cognition, and Achievement.

Bibliographic Data

ID23328595
AuthorsChristopher A Wolters (0000-0002-8406-038X, University of Houston, corresponding author)
Year2004
Volume96
Issue2
Pages236-250
Publication date2004-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Educational Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0663 • E-ISSN: 1939-2176
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.236
OpenAlexW2027107101
LanguageEN
Citations received222
References cited54

The objective of this study was to investigate how different components of achievement goal theory were related to each other and to students' motivation, cognitive engagement, and achievement in mathematics. Junior high school students (N = 525) completed a self-report survey that assessed their perceived classroom goal structures; personal goal orientations; and a collection of outcomes that included persistence, procrastination, choice, their use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies, and mathematics grade. Results indicate that mastery structure and mastery orientation were related to adaptive outcomes in all areas. The patterns of relations for performance-approach goal structure, and for performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientations were less uniform across outcomes. Implications for achievement goal theory and future research are discussed.

Academic achievement · Cognition · Cognitive psychology · Goal Orientation · Goal setting · Goal theory · Mastery Learning · Mathematics education · Need for achievement · Education, Achievement, and Giftedness · Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation · Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Ciljevi postignuća

    Open Access•Azemina Durmić•Croatian Journal of Education -…•2020

  • Motivação do aluno para aprender

    Open Access•Evely Boruchovitch, Eunice M L Soriano De Alencar et al.•ETD - Educação Temática Digital•2013

  • As metas académicas como operacionalização da motivação do aluno

    Open Access•Lúcia Miranda, Lúcia Do Rosário Cerqueira De Miranda et al.•ETD - Educação Temática Digital•2009

  • Emergency certified teachers’ motivations for entering the teaching profession

    Open Access•Tyler J Mobra, Daniel Hamlin•Education Policy Analysis Archives•2020

  • Escala de factores estructurales de la clase

    Open Access•Carlos Calderón Carvajal, Giulia Casu•Salud & Sociedad•2016

  • Teachers' Emphasis on Mastery Goals Moderates the Behavioral Correlates of Coolness in Early Adolescent Classrooms

    McKellar McKellar, Ryan Ryan et al.•Merrill-Palmer Quarterly•2021

  • System failure? Exploring the interplay of fear of failure, competition, cooperation and sense of belonging in education in England and Flanders

    Open Access•Carolyn Jackson, Mieke Van Houtte•British Educational Research…•2025

  • Escala de avaliação da motivação para aprender de alunos do ensino fundamental (EMA)

    Open Access•Edna Rosa Correia Neves, Evely Boruchovitch•Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica•2007

  • The Making of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire

    Teresa Duncan, Teresa Garcia Duncan et al.•Educational Psychologist•2005

  • Promoting early adolescents' achievement and peer relationships

    Cary J Roseth, David W Johnson et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2008

  • Competition and performance

    David W Johnson, Roger T Johnson et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2012

  • Mastery-approach goals

    Jiesi Guo, Xiang Hu et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2023

  • Longitudinal relations of classroom goal structures to students’ motivation and learning outcomes in health education

    Open Access•Sungjun Won, Eric M Anderman et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2020

  • Achievement goals and conceptual learning

    Open Access•Kelly K Boden, Kelly Boden et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2020

  • Students’ classroom engagement produces longitudinal changes in classroom motivation.

    Johnmarshall Reeve, Woogul Lee•Journal of Educational Psychology•2014

  • Goal structures and teachers' sense of efficacy

    Christopher A Wolters, Stacy G Daugherty•Journal of Educational Psychology•2007

  • How true is grit? Assessing its relations to high school and college students’ personality characteristics, self-regulation, engagement, and achievement.

    Open Access•Katherine Muenks, Allan Wigfield et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2017

  • How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves

    Johnmarshall Reeve•Journal of Educational Psychology•2013

  • Regulating Debilitating Emotions in the Context of Performance

    Open Access•Diana F Tyson, Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia et al.•Human Development•2009

  • The role of goal structures and peer climate in trajectories of social achievement goals during high school

    Kara A Makara, Nir Madjar•Developmental Psychology•2015

  • Introducing support for learner control

    Open Access•Qiuchen Yu, Jiangfeng Gou et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2024

  • On the influence of social norms on individual achievement goals

    Open Access•Sophie Bossert, Martin Daumiller et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2025

  • Do goals lead to outcomes or can it be the other way around

    Open Access•Ronnel B King, Dennis M Mcinerney•British Journal of Educational…•2016

  • Personal best ( PB ) goal structure, individual PB goals, engagement, and achievement

    Open Access•Andrew J Martins, Rebecca J Collie et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2016

  • Personal goals as predictors of intended classroom goals

    Open Access•Lia M Daniels, Anne C Frenzel et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2013

  • Classroom Goal Structures and HIV and Pregnancy Prevention Education in Rural High School Health Classrooms

    Open Access•Eric M Anderman, Pamela K Cupp et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2011

  • Motivation and Classroom Learning

    Open Access•Eric M Anderman, DeLeon L Gray et al.•Handbook of Psychology, Second…•2012

  • Handbook of Motivation at School

    Kathryn R Wentzel, David B Miele•Handbook of motivation at school•2009

  • Engaging students in learning activities

    Hyungshim Jang, Johnmarshall Reeve et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2010

  • Longitudinal test of self-determination theory's motivation mediation model in a naturally occurring classroom context.

    Hyungshim Jang, Eun Joo Kim et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2012

  • Discriminant and criterion-related validity of achievement goals in predicting academic achievement

    Chiungjung Huang•Journal of Educational Psychology•2012

  • Striving to connect

    Ruth Butler•Journal of Educational Psychology•2012

  • Experimentally Based, Longitudinally Designed, Teacher-Focused Intervention to Help Physical Education Teachers Be More Autonomy Supportive Toward Their Students

    Sung Hyeon Cheon, Johnmarshall Reeve et al.•Journal of Sport and Exercise…•2012

  • On the measurement of achievement goals

    Andrew J Elliot, Kou Murayama•Journal of Educational Psychology•2008

  • The joint influence of personal achievement goals and classroom goal structures on achievement-relevant outcomes.

    Kou Murayama, Andrew J Elliot•Journal of Educational Psychology•2009

  • Self-Regulated Learning

    Dale Schunk, Dale H Schunk•Educational Psychologist•2005

  • Achievement goals and achievement emotions

    Reinhard Pekrun, Andrew J Elliot et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2009

  • Positive classroom motivational environments

    Helen Patrick, Amy Kaplan et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2011

  • Understanding and measuring student engagement in school

    Shui‐fong Lam, Shui-fong Lam et al.•School Psychology Quarterly•2014

  • Performance-approach goal effects depend on how they are defined

    Corwin Senko, Blair Dawson et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2017

  • A 3 × 2 achievement goal model.

    Andrew J Elliot, Kou Murayama et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2011

  • Psychological capital bolsters motivation, engagement, and achievement

    Jesus Alfonso D Datu, Ronnel B King et al.•The Journal of Positive Psychology•2018

  • Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities

    Open Access•Johnmarshall Reeve, Ching-Mei Tseng•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2011

  • Creative Self-Efficacy

    Ronald A Beghetto, Ronald Beghetto•Creativity Research Journal•2006

  • Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

    Open Access•Ming-Te Wang, Jessica L Degol•Educational Psychology Review•2017

  • Academic motivation and self-regulation

    Open Access•Anthony R Artino, Jason M Stephens•The Internet and Higher Education•2009

  • Achievement Goal Theory at the Crossroads

    Corwin Senko, Chris S Hulleman et al.•Educational Psychologist•2011

  • Measuring Cognitive Engagement With Self-Report Scales

    Barbara A Greene•Educational Psychologist•2015

  • A path analysis of basic need support, self-efficacy, achievement goals, life satisfaction and academic achievement level among secondary school students

    Open Access•Åge Diseth, Anne Grete Danielsen et al.•Educational Psychology•2012

  • The Relation Between Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement Across Childhood and Adolescence

    Open Access•Amy L Dent, Alison C Koenka•Educational Psychology Review•2016

  • Situational interest and academic achievement in the active-learning classroom

    Open Access•Jerome I Rotgans, Henk G Schmidt•Learning and Instruction•2011

  • Classroom effects on student motivation

    Open Access•Tim Urdan, Erin N Schoenfelder et al.•Journal of School Psychology•2006

  • Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking.

    Stuart A Karabenick•Journal of Educational Psychology•2004

  • The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome

    Open Access•Gregory Arief D Liem, Arief Darmanegara Liem et al.•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2008

  • Classroom Goal Structure, Student Motivation, and Academic Achievement

    Judith L Meece, Eric M Anderman et al.•Annual Review of Psychology•2006

  • A classroom-based intervention to help teachers decrease students’ amotivation

    Open Access•Sung Hyeon Cheon, Johnmarshall Reeve•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2015

  • Peer and teacher supports in relation to motivation and effort

    Open Access•Kathryn R Wentzel, Katherine Muenks et al.•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2017

  • Teacher interests, mastery goals, and self-efficacy as predictors of instructional practices and student motivation

    Open Access•Ulrich Schiefele, Ellen Schaffner•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2015

  • Does perceived teacher affective support matter for middle school students in mathematics classrooms?

    Open Access•Gonul Sakiz, Stephen J Pape et al.•Journal of School Psychology•2012

  • Fostering Learning Goals at Work

    Open Access•Leonie Schelp, Tanja Bipp et al.•Psychological Reports•2023

  • Effect of positive behavioral intervention on achievement goal orientation in hard-of-hearing students

    Sajede Sadat Safavi Rizi, Mohammad Ashori•Vulnerable Children and Youth…•2025

  • Investigating the Discriminant Utility of Task-Based and Self-Based Goals in 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Model for Kindergarteners

    Open Access•Chung-Chin Wu•Children•2022

  • Socializing” Achievement Goal Theory

    Open Access•Ronnel B King, Dora N Watkins et al.•Psychological Studies•2011

  • Cultural Insights into the Motivation Paradox of East Asian Learners

    Open Access•Mimi Bong, Dayeon Jeong et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2026

  • Emotion regulation and learning from academic failures

    Open Access•Yonatan Sharabi, Amit Shlomiuk et al.•Learning and Instruction•2026

  • Engaged or just compliant? A person-centered investigation of the dimensionality and structure of student engagement

    Open Access•Andrew Kingsford-Smith, Paul Evans et al.•Educational Psychology•2026

  • Éléments de validité à propos d’un instrument mesurant le climat relationnel perçu par des étudiants et étudiantes universitaires à distance1

    Open Access•Ambroise Baillifard•Mesure et évaluation en éducation•2023

  • Motivation à apprendre et volition à l’adolescence

    Open Access•Jean-Louis Berger, Jean‐louis Berger et al.•Mesure et évaluation en éducation•2016

  • Student engagement in a higher education course

    Open Access•Géraldine Heilporn, Audrey Raynault et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2024

  • Who Is Part of the “Mindset Context”? The Unique Roles of Perceived Professor and Peer Mindsets in Undergraduate Engineering Students’ Motivation and Belonging

    Open Access•Katherine Muenks, Veronica X Yan et al.•Frontiers in Education•2021

  • Ensuring quality inclusive and equitable education by increasing emotional intelligence through positive attitudes in students' learning from mistakes

    Open Access•Mariana Dogaru, Olivia Pisică et al.•Frontiers in Education•2025

  • Investigate the Relationship of Creative Thinking Skills and Junior High School Student Motivation

    Open Access•Syaiful Syaiful, Kamid Kamid et al.•Humanities & Social Sciences…•2020

  • Exploring Students’ Learning Experience and Engagement in Asynchronous Learning Using the Community of Inquiry Framework through Educational Design Research

    Open Access•Jayden Wei Jie Ang, Yin Ni Ng et al.•Education Sciences•2024

  • Students’ Performance in Physical Education

    Open Access•Thomas Mangor Jørgensen Olsen, Ingar Mehus•Education Sciences•2022

  • Synchronous Distance Learning

    Open Access•Markus H Hefter, Holger Nitsch•Education Sciences•2024

  • Examining the Relationships Between Students’ Achievement Goals and Their Academic Achievement in an OER-Based Course

    Open Access•Hengtao Tang, Yan Yang et al.•Education Sciences•2026

  • The Influence of Active and Passive Procrastination on Academic Performance

    Open Access•Niek Sebastiaan Kooren, Christine Van Nooijen et al.•Education Sciences•2024

  • Effectiveness of a Mastery Climate Cognitive-Motor Skills School-based Intervention in children living in poverty

    Open Access•Glauber Carvalho Nobre, F S S Nobre et al.•Physical Education and Sport…•2024

  • Longitudinal reciprocal relationships among mastery goals, autonomous motivation, and motivation instability

    Open Access•Takatoyo Umemoto, Tsutomu Inagaki•Asia Pacific Education Review•2025

  • When is a performance-approach goal unhelpful? Performance goal structure, task difficulty as moderators

    Open Access•Jong-Baeg Kim, Kyoung-Suk Moon et al.•Asia Pacific Education Review•2021

  • Teacher goal setting for personalized learning software

    Ellen Rydell Altermatt, Andrea K Rorrer•Journal of Research on Technology…•2026

  • Realigning individual behavior with societal values

    Open Access•Laura French Bourgeois, Roxane De La Sablonnière•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2023

  • Perceived classroom goal structures as predictors of students’ personal goals

    Open Access•Marjon Fokkens-Bruinsma, Els van Rooij et al.•Teachers and Teaching•2020

  • Why college students procrastinate in online courses

    Open Access•Sheng‐Lun Cheng, Sheng-Lun Cheng et al.•The Internet and Higher Education•2021

  • Evaluation of an academic satisfaction model in E-learning education contexts

    Open Access•Mauricio Federico Zalazar-Jaime, Luciana Sofía Moretti et al.•Interactive Learning Environments•2023

  • Achievement motives and mastery-approach goals serially mediate the relationships between teaching quality and reading achievement

    Open Access•He Cai, Junjun Chen et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Structural relations among achievement goals, perceptions of classroom goals, and grit

    Open Access•C Winter Han•Current Psychology•2023

  • Daily autonomy, relatedness, and classroom engagement among Latino and White high school science students

    Open Access•Diane J Lee, Amanda Vite et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • A psychometric evaluation of online homework goal orientation scale

    Open Access•Jianzhong Xu, Jianxia Du et al.•Current Psychology•2022

  • A test of the impact of three-type goal orientation on utility perception and transfer motivation

    Open Access•Wei‐Tao Tai, Wei-Tao Tai et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • Enhancing bilingual learners’ Chinese learning

    Baoqi Sun, Youyan Nie et al.•Language and Education•2025

  • Motivating science learning when shifting from face-to-face instruction to distance learning

    Open Access•Shira Passentin, Davis Fortus•International Journal of Science…•2025

  • Measuring high school student engagement in science learning

    Tingting Li, Peng He et al.•International Journal of Science…•2024

  • Probing EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Learners' Success Factors and its Contribution to Their Goal-Orientations and Organizational Commitment

    Open Access•Nahid Royaei, Zargham Ghapanchi et al.•Interchange•2020

  • Profiles of vocational college students’ achievement emotions in online learning environments

    Open Access•Sheng‐Lun Cheng, Jui‐Chieh Huang et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2023

  • Revealing the theoretical basis of gamification

    Open Access•Jeanine Krath, Linda Schürmann et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2021

  • Effects of feedback design and dispositional goal orientations on volunteer performance in citizen science projects

    Open Access•Xinxue Zhou, Jian Tang et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2020

  • Student confidence in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Neil Guppy, U Matzat et al.•Higher Education Research &…•2023

  • Gratitude intervention optimizes effective learning outcomes in Filipino high school students

    Open Access•Jana Patricia M Valdez, Jesus Alfonso D Datu et al.•Computers & Education•2022

  • Associations between learning analytics dashboard exposure and motivation and self-regulated learning

    Open Access•Stephen J Aguilar, Stuart A Karabenick et al.•Computers & Education•2021

  • Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school

    Robert W Roeser, Carol Midgley et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•1996

  • Self-enhancing and self-defeating ego orientation

    Einar M Skaalvik•Journal of Educational Psychology•1997

  • Why do some students avoid asking for help? An examination of the interplay among students' academic efficacy, teachers' social–emotional role, and the classroom goal structure.

    Allison M Ryan, Margaret Gheen et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•1998

  • Changes in Achievement Goal Orientations, Perceived Academic Competence, and Grades across the Transition to Middle-Level Schools

    Open Access•Eric M Anderman, Carol Midgley•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1997

  • The relation between goal orientation and students' motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning

    Open Access•Christopher A Wolters, Shirley L Yu et al.•Learning and Individual Differences•1996

  • Achievement goals in the classroom

    Carole Ames, Jennifer Archer•Journal of Educational Psychology•1988

  • Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Study Social Contexts

    Valerie E Lee•Educational Psychologist•2000

  • Engagement in Academic Work

    Open Access•Raymond B Miller, Barbara A Greene et al.•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1996

  • Multiple goals, multiple pathways

    Paul R Pintrich•Journal of Educational Psychology•2000

  • Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective.

    Christopher A Wolters•Journal of Educational Psychology•2003

  • The Development and Validation of Scales Assessing Students' Achievement Goal Orientations

    Open Access•Carol Midgley, Amy Kaplan et al.•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1998

  • Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Academic Settings

    Open Access•Frank Pajares•Review of Educational Research•1996

  • Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability

    Michael Middleton, Michael J Middleton et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•1997

  • Achievement goals, study strategies, and exam performance

    Andrew J Elliot, Holly A Mcgregor et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•1999

  • Influences on Achievement

    Open Access•Barbara A Greene, Raymond B Miller•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1996

  • Short-term and long-term consequences of achievement goals

    Judith M Harackiewicz, Kenneth E Barron et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2000

  • Ego-involved persistence

    Open Access•Richard M Ryan, Richard Koestner et al.•Motivation and Emotion•1991

  • Reasons for Studying

    Susan Bobbitt Nolen•Cognition and Instruction•1988

  • Achievement Goals and Student Well-Being

    Open Access•Amy Kaplan, Martin L Maehr•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1999

  • The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning

    Open Access•Paul R Pintrich•International Journal of…•1999

  • Performance-approach goals

    Carol Midgley, Amy Kaplan et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2001

  • Social Predictors of Changes in Students' Achievement Goal Orientations

    Open Access•Lynley Hicks Anderman, Eric M Anderman•Contemporary Educational Psychology•1999

  • Revision of achievement goal theory

    Judith M Harackiewicz, Kenneth E Barron et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2002

  • Perceptions of classroom environment, achievement goals, and achievement outcomes.

    Marcy A Church, Andrew J Elliot et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2001

  • Classrooms

    Carole Ames•Journal of Educational Psychology•1992

  • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.

    Carol S Dweck, Ellen L Leggett•Psychological Review•1988

  • Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.

    Paul R Pintrich, Elisabeth Vialpando De Groot•Journal of Educational Psychology•1990

  • Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)

    Open Access•Paul R Pintrich, David A F Smith et al.•Educational and Psychological…•1993

  • Predictors of Middle School Students' Use of Self-Handicapping Strategies

    Open Access•Carol Midgley, Tim Urdan•The Journal of Early Adolescence•1995

  • A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework

    Andrew J Elliot, Holly A Mcgregor•Journal of Personality and Social…•2001

  • A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation

    Andrew J Elliot, Marcy A Church•Journal of Personality and Social…•1997

  • Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation

    Andrew J Elliot, Holly A Mcgregor•Journal of Personality and Social…•1999

  • The Role of Classroom Goal Structure in Students’ Use of Self-Handicapping Strategies

    Open Access•Tim Urdan, Carol Midgley et al.•American Educational Research…•1998

  • Achievement goals and optimal motivation

    Kenneth E Barron, Judith M Harackiewicz•Journal of Personality and Social…•2001

  • Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation

    Andrew J Elliot, Judith M Harackiewicz•Journal of Personality and Social…•1996

  • Predictors and consequences of achievement goals in the college classroom

    Judith M Harackiewicz, Kenneth E Barron et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1997

  • The impact of goal orientation on self-regulation and performance among college students

    Open Access•Thérêse Bouffard, Jacques Boisvert et al.•British Journal of Educational…•1995

Unique citing works222
Citations per year10,09
Citation span2004 - 2026 (23)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 197

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae