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A literature review of the economics of Covid‐19

Bibliographic Data

ID23355263
AuthorsAbel Brodeur (0000-0003-3980-4324, Department of Economics University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada, corresponding author), David Gray (0000-0003-3812-0350, Department of Economics University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada), Anik Islam (0000-0002-6725-9805, Department of Economics University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada), Suraiya Bhuiyan (Department of Economics University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada), Suraiya Jabeen Bhuiyan (University of Ottawa)
Year2021
Volume35
Issue4
Pages1007-1044
Publication date2021-09-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Economic Surveys (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0950-0804 • E-ISSN: 1467-6419
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/joes.12423
PMID34230772
OpenAlexW3038091026
LanguageEN
Citations received123
References cited68

The goal of this piece is to survey the developing and rapidly growing literature on the economic consequences of COVID‐19 and the governmental responses, and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This survey: (i) provides an overview of the data sets and the techniques employed to measure social distancing and COVID‐19 cases and deaths; (ii) reviews the literature on the determinants of compliance with and the effectiveness of social distancing; (iii) mentions the macroeconomic and financial impacts including the modelling of plausible mechanisms; (iv) summarizes the literature on the socioeconomic consequences of COVID‐19, focusing on those aspects related to labor, health, gender, discrimination, and the environment; and (v) summarizes the literature on public policy responses.

2019-20 coronavirus outbreak · Compliance (psychology) · Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) · Development economics · Distancing · Economic growth · Economics · Political science · Positive economics · Public economics · Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) · Social distance · COVID-19 epidemiological studies · COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts · Medicine · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Multidimensional effect of covid-19 on the economy

    Open Access•Kai Pan, Pan Kai et al.•Economic Research-Ekonomska…•2022

  • Working from home and income inequality

    Open Access•Luca Bonacini, Giovanni Gallo et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2020

  • Political alignment, centralisation, and the sense of government unpreparedness during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Massimiliano Ferraresi, Gianluca Gucciardi•European Journal of Political…•2022

  • Forum

    Open Access•G A Davies, Graeme Davies et al.•International Studies Review•2023

  • Managing the pandemic crisis

    Open Access•Лаура Аширбекова, Laura Ashirbekova et al.•Economics & Sociology•2023

  • Trade-Off between Covid-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control and Economic Stimulus

    Open Access•Fangfang Liu, Fang-Fang Liu et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • The local and global mental health effects of the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Alpaslan Akay•Economics & Human Biology•2022

  • A “Ballpark” Assessment of Social Distancing Efficiency in the Early Stages of the Covid-19 Pandemic

    Open Access•Taejong Kim, Hyosun Kim•International Journal of…•2022

  • Covid-19 Lockdown in Ecuador

    Grace Armijos Bravo, Grace Armijos-Bravo et al.•The Journal of Development Studies•2023

  • Well-being and working from home during Covid-19

    Open Access•Sonia Schifano, Andrew E Clark et al.•Information Technology and People•2021

  • Early Detection of Sars-CoV-2 Epidemic Waves

    Open Access•Giorgio Bagarella, Mauro Maistrello et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Estimating Economic Losses Caused by Covid-19 under Multiple Control Measure Scenarios with a Coupled Infectious Disease—Economic Model

    Open Access•Xingtian Chen, Wei Gong et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Did Covid-19 hit harder in peripheral areas? The case of Italian municipalities

    Open Access•Francesco Armillei, Francesco Filippucci et al.•Economics & Human Biology•2021

  • The impact of lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic on fertility intentions

    Open Access•Irma Mooi-Reci, Trong-Anh Trinh et al.•Economics & Human Biology•2022

  • Complex Contact Network of Patients at the Beginning of an Epidemic Outbreak

    Open Access•Zhangbo Yang, Jiahao Zhang et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Estimation of Lockdowns’ Impact on Well-Being in Selected Countries

    Open Access•Krzysztof Drachal, Daniel González Cortés•International Journal of…•2022

  • Assessing the Dynamic Outcomes of Containment Strategies against Covid-19 under Different Public Health Governance Structures

    Open Access•Weiwei Zhang, Thomas J Huggins et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Assessing the effectiveness of international government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Héctor López-Mendoza, M González-Álvarez et al.•Economics & Human Biology•2024

  • Are Spaniards Happier When the Bars Are Open? Using Life Satisfaction to Evaluate Covid-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)

    Open Access•Pablo De Pedraza García, Pablo de Pedraza et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Covid-19 Anxiety and Wellbeing at Work in Finland during 2020–2022

    Open Access•Atte Oksanen, Reetta Oksa et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • In the shadow of a pandemic

    Open Access•Vincenzo Alfano•Economics & Human Biology•2025

  • Living in Liquid Times

    Open Access•Antonio Chirumbolo, Antonino Callea et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Covid-19 compliance behaviors of older people

    Open Access•Andrew E Clark, Conchita D''Ambrosio et al.•Economics Letters•2021

  • The Effects of Financial Stress and Household Socio-Economic Deprivation on the Malnutrition Statuses of Children under Five during the Covid-19 Lockdown in a Marginalized Region of South Punjab, Pakistan

    Open Access•Muhammad Babar Alam, Muhammad Shahid et al.•Children•2022

  • Covid- 19 and human right to food

    Open Access•Elizabeth Kimani‐Murage, Elizabeth Wambui Kimani-Murage et al.•BMC Public Health•2022

  • Tracking Changes of Social Distancing in the United States of America after Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) at the Early Stage

    Young Sam Oh, Na Kyoung Song•American Journal of Health Behavior•2021

  • Epidemics and climate change

    Open Access•Simone Marsiglio, Tatyana Perevalova et al.•Journal of Economic Behavior &…•2025

  • Individualism and support for Covid-19 government interventions

    Open Access•Ying Jiang, Guikun Yin et al.•Economics & Human Biology•2025

  • Entrepreneurial intention in higher education during Covid-19

    Gonçalo Rodrigues Brás, G Bras•Education + Training•2026

  • Family–work conflict and work-from-home productivity

    Open Access•Seng‐su Tsang, Seng-Su Tsang et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2023

  • Reflections on migratory and mobility patterns and labour market security of Ghanaian youth amidst the Covid-19 crisis

    Open Access•Abdul Latif Anas, Mashudu Salifu et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2023

  • Macroeconomic determinants of fiscal policy in Ethiopia

    Open Access•Fikadu Gawushalo Meno, Irfan Ahmed Sheikh et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2025

  • Hidden Gold for IT Professionals, Educators, and Students

    Open Access•Oluwaseun Alexander Dada, George Obaido et al.•IEEE Transactions on Computational…•2023

  • The impact of public health shocks on fertility intentions

    Open Access•Yiting Guo, Yuqi Mou et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2025

  • Sustainable planning in Wuhan City during Covid-19

    Open Access•Peng Zhou, Hailu Zhang et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2023

  • Covid-19, income and gender wage gap

    Open Access•Haojian Dui•Frontiers in Public Health•2022

  • Mining Spatiotemporal Mobility Patterns Using Improved Deep Time Series Clustering

    Open Access•Ziyi Zhang, Diya Li et al.•ISPRS International Journal of…•2024

  • The effects of Covid-19 on the construction sector

    Open Access•Ozge Alboga, Gözde Tantekin-Çelik et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2025

  • Effects of political treatments during the Covid-19 pandemic on infection-prevention behavior and risk perception

    Open Access•Mei Yamagata, Michio Murakami et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2025

  • Managing the challenges associated with decreasing demand for Covid-19 vaccination in Central and West Asia

    Open Access•Alexander Bongers, Giovanna Riggall et al.•BMJ Global Health•2022

  • The economic impact of international travel measures used during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Ying Liu Bazak, Beate Sander et al.•BMJ Global Health•2024

  • Trajectories of affective and cognitive well‐being at times of Covid‐19 containment policies in Italy

    Open Access•Egidio Riva, Mario Lucchini et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2024

  • Perceived stress and secondary traumatization in social workers during coronavirus disease 2019

    Open Access•Ayelet Gur, Maya Peled-Avram et al.•Journal of Social Work•2024

  • Detach to Thrive

    Open Access•Mehrzad B Baktash, Lisa Pütz•Journal of Happiness Studies•2025

  • Early effects of the Covid-19 lockdown on children in north-western Bangladesh

    Momoe Makino, Abu Shonchoy et al.•Oxford Development Studies•2024

  • Impact of Covid-19 on individual income in tourism and hospitality industry in India

    Open Access•Abhradeep Maiti•Tourism Economics•2023

  • Politicising Death in the Covid-19 Outbreak

    Özgür Olgun Erden•Javnost - The Public•2023

  • The Appeal of Far Right Pandemic Politics

    Adalberto Fernandes•Javnost - The Public•2023

  • Institutionalised power or crisis corporatism? Comparing Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Jakob Strigén, Rense Nieuwenhuis et al.•Transfer European Review of…•2025

  • Expenditure responses to the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Junichi Kikuchi, Ryoya Nagao et al.•Japan and the World Economy•2023

  • Digital capacity and employment outcomes

    Open Access•Kadri Männasoo, Jon Pareliussen et al.•Telematics and Informatics•2023

  • Minimising Covid ‐19 transmission cases

    Open Access•Dessie Tarko Ambaw, Vutha Hing et al.•World Economy•2023

  • The short-term impact of the 2020 pandemic lockdown on employment in Greece

    Open Access•Gordon Betcherman, Nicholas Giannakopoulos et al.•Empirical Economics•2023

  • Measuring and explaining efficiency of pre-vaccine country responses to Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Arthur S Kuchenbecker, Hudson S Torrent et al.•Empirical Economics•2025

  • Covid-19 diagnoses and university student performance

    Open Access•Timothy F Harris, Curtis Lockwood Reynolds•Empirical Economics•2025

  • Covid-19 and changes in content usage behavior

    Open Access•Nakil Sung, Minchang Kim•Telecommunications Policy•2023

  • Health or wealth? The influence of perceived health and wealth threats and style of thinking on protective behaviours and well-being during the Covid-19 pandemic in Spain ( ¿Salud o riqueza? La influencia de las amenazas percibidas contra la salud y la riqueza y del estilo de pensamiento en las conductas de protección y el bienestar durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en España )

    Open Access•Pilar Carrera, Pilar Aguilar et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Is ambiguity always adverse? Empirical evidence from the wireless emergency alerts during the pandemic

    Open Access•Jaeho Myeong, Yong Jin Park et al.•Decision Support Systems•2025

  • Pandemic-induced economic stress in an otherwise-privileged sample predicts parents’ socialization of child prosociality and parent coping

    Open Access•Lindsey C Partington, Meital Mashash et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Gone with the epidemic? The spatial effects of the Covid-19 on global investment network

    Open Access•Hantian Sheng, Xiaomian Dai et al.•Applied Geography•2023

  • Aftermath on Covid-19 technological and socioeconomic changes

    Open Access•Xuan Yao, Zeshui Xu et al.•Technological Forecasting and…•2024

  • Covid‐19 and employment relief programs

    Open Access•Esteban López Ochoa, Juan Eberhard et al.•Journal of Regional Science•2023

  • Disentangling the direct and indirect impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on production activities and carbon emissions

    Open Access•Chengyu He, Xiao Zhou et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2024

  • Status-Based Asymmetries in Relative Deprivation During the Covid-19 Pandemic

    Open Access•Kieren J Lilly, C G Sibley et al.•Social Psychological and…•2024

  • The impact of Covid-19 infection on labor outcomes of Mexican formal workers

    Open Access•Eva O Arceo-Gómez, Raymundo M Campos-Vázquez et al.•World Development Perspectives•2023

  • The burdens of poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Julia Petersen, Nora Hettich et al.•Frontiers in Sociology•2022

  • Is society caught up in a Death Spiral? Modeling societal demise and its reversal

    Open Access•Michaela Schippers, John P A Ioannidis et al.•Frontiers in Sociology•2024

  • The Pandemic Played a Cruel Joke on Us’

    Open Access•Lola Abdukadyrova, Olga Studenko•Anti-Trafficking Review•2023

  • The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on sports-based youth development

    Jean-Charles Basson, Loïc Sallé•Contemporary Social Science•2023

  • Junctures in the time of Covid-19

    Open Access•Rogelio Alicor L Panao, Ranjit Singh Rye•Asian Journal of Comparative…•2023

  • The double-edged effect of political trust on the Covid-19 pandemic

    Ning Liu, Guoxian Bao et al.•Journal of Asian Public Policy•2024

  • Inequality and Social Distancing during the Pandemic

    Open Access•Caitlin Brown, Martin Ravallion•The Journal of Economic Inequality•2023

  • Patterns of News Consumption during the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis

    Open Access•Adriana Solovei, Julia Cm Van Weert et al.•Journalism Studies•2024

  • Unmet healthcare needs and volunteering during the Covid‐19 pandemic in the European Union

    Open Access•Nunzia Nappo, Denis Fiorillo et al.•Annals of Public and Cooperative…•2025

  • Changes in retirement age preferences after the Covid-19 pandemic among older Israeli workers

    Shosh Shahrabani•Israel Affairs•2025

  • Regional economic impact of the Next Generation European Union recovery plan

    Open Access•Miguel Ángel Almazán‐Gómez, Carlos Llano et al.•Papers of the Regional Science…•2025

  • Is it all about supply? Demand-side effects on the Spanish electricity market following Covid-19 lockdown policies

    Open Access•Cristina Pizarro-Irizar•Utilities Policy•2022

  • The impact of repeated mass antigen testing for Covid-19 on the prevalence of the disease

    Open Access•Martin Kahanec, Lukáš Lafférs et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2021

  • Covid-19 eviction moratoriums and eviction filings

    Kevin Callison, Davida Finger et al.•Housing and Society•2021

  • Masking and meaning during the Covid ‐19 pandemic

    Open Access•Shannon Rieger•Sociological Forum•2024

  • Determinants of Family Stress and Domestic Violence

    Louis‐philippe Beland, Louis-Philippe Beland et al.•Canadian Public Policy•2021

  • Socioeconomic conditions and contagion dynamics of the Covid-19 pandemic with and without mitigation measures

    Open Access•Giorgos Galanis, Andreas Georgiadis•World Development•2023

  • Did a successful fight against Covid-19 come at a cost? Impacts of the pandemic on employment outcomes in Vietnam

    Open Access•Hai-Anh Dang, Cuong Viet Nguyen et al.•World Development•2022

  • Slums and pandemics

    Open Access•Luiz Brotherhood, Tiago Cavalcanti et al.•Journal of Development Economics•2022

  • The Beneficial Impacts of Covid-19 Lockdowns on Air Pollution

    Open Access•Hai-Anh Dang, Trong‐Anh Trinh•The Journal of Development Studies•2022

  • Resilience of Social Transfer Programs to Large Unexpected Shocks

    Open Access•Shyamal Chowdhury, Muhammad Nahian Bin Khaled et al.•The Journal of Development Studies•2024

  • The cost of mass gatherings during a pandemic

    Open Access•Ludovic Phalippou, Dayin Zhang•SSM - Population Health•2023

  • Enforcing ‘Equal Pay for Equal Work’ in the EU

    Open Access•Silvia De Poli, Sofia Maier•The Journal of Economic Inequality•2024

  • Non-standard employment, paid sick leave, and income loss during Covid-19 self-isolation

    Open Access•Sunoong Hwang•International Journal for Equity…•2025

  • Limits of External Resilience-Building

    Open Access•Bidzina Lebanidze•Europe Asia Studies•2025

  • Educational inequalities during Covid-19

    Open Access•Hai-Anh Dang, Gbemisola Oseni et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • The Economic Power of Capital and the Spread of Covid-19 in the United States

    Open Access•Junfu Zhao•Review of Radical Political…•2024

  • Financial Hardship and Psychological Distress During the Pandemic

    Open Access•Alia Alhomsi, Paula D Strassle et al.•Health Equity•2023

  • The Impact of Covid-19 on Productivity

    Nena Bloom, Nicholas Bloom et al.•The Review of Economics and…•2025

  • Croyances, préférences face au risque et au temps et comportements de prévention contre le Covid-19 des séniors en France

    Julien Bergeot, Florence Jusot•Revue économique•2023

  • Inequality, poverty, deprivation and the uneven spread of Covid-19 in Europe

    Open Access•Chiara Burlina, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose•Regional Studies•2023

  • What Vietnam’s localized lockdown policy showed

    Open Access•Luu Duc Toan Huynh•Regional Studies•2022

  • Covid-19 and labour market resilience

    Xinguo Yu, Hengxu Song et al.•Regional Studies•2023

  • How Institutions Moderated the Pandemic's Economic Impact in EU Member States

    Open Access•Vytautas Kuokštis, Ringailė Kuokštytė•JCMS Journal of Common Market…•2022

  • Internationalization and Organizational Resilience to Covid-19 Crisis

    Open Access•Yueqi Wang, Shouming Chen et al.•SAGE Open•2024

  • Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China

    Open Access•Hanming Fang, Long Wang et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under Covid-19

    Open Access•Giovanni Bonaccorsi, F Pierri et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2020

  • Labor demand in the time of Covid-19

    Open Access•Eliza Forsythe, Lisa Kahn et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Polarization and public health

    Open Access•Hunt Allcott, Levi Boxell et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Risk Perception Through the Lens of Politics in the Time of the Covid-19 Pandemic

    John Barrios, John Manuel Barrios et al.•National Bureau of Economic…•2020

  • The effect of human mobility and control measures on the Covid-19 epidemic in China

    Open Access•Moritz U G Kraemer, Chia-Hung Yang et al.•Science•2020

  • Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Social Distancing Measures

    Open Access•Min Whui Fong, Huizhi Gao et al.•Emerging infectious diseases•2020

  • Trust and compliance to public health policies in times of Covid-19

    Open Access•Olivier Bargain, Ulugbek Aminjonov•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Early evidence of the impacts of Covid-19 on minority unemployment

    Open Access•Kenneth A Couch, Robert W Fairlie et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock

    Open Access•Abi Adams‐Prassl, Abi Adams-Prassl et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • The impact of Covid-19 on small business outcomes and expectations

    Open Access•Alexander W Bartik, Alexander Bartik et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2020

  • The impact of Covid‐19 on small business owners

    Open Access•Robert W Fairlie•Journal of Economics & Management…•2020

  • Economic uncertainty before and during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Dave Altig, Scott Baker et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • Civic capital and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic☆

    Open Access•John Manuel Barrios, Efraim Benmelech et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2021

  • Gender differences in Covid-19 attitudes and behavior

    Open Access•Vincenzo Galasso, Vincent Pons et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2020

  • The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Solomon Hsiang, Daniel Allen et al.•Nature•2020

  • How many jobs can be done at home?

    Open Access•Jonathan I Dingel, Brent Neiman•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic

    Open Access•Scott Baker, Scott R Baker et al.•The Review of Asset Pricing Studies•2020

  • Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty

    Scott Baker, Scott R Baker et al.•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2016

  • Coronavirus Fears and Macroeconomic Expectations

    Carola Binder, Carola Conces Binder•The Review of Economics and…•2020

  • Covid-19, lockdowns and well-being

    Open Access•Abel Brodeur, Andrew E Clark et al.•Journal of Public Economics•2020

  • The Covid-19 pandemic and the 2020 US presidential election

    Open Access•Leonardo Baccini, Abel Brodeur et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2020

  • Socio-demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Nicholas Papageorge, Nicholas W Papageorge et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2021

  • Impacts of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in China

    Open Access•Yun Qiu, Yi Ping Qiu et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2020

  • JUE Insight

    Open Access•Dhaval Dave, Andrew Friedson et al.•Journal of Urban Economics•2022

  • Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Providers in the United States

    Pinka Chatterji, Yue Li•Medical Care•2021

  • Covid-19 Government Response Event Dataset (CoronaNet v.1.0)

    Open Access•Cindy Cheng, Joan Barceló et al.•Nature Human Behaviour•2020

  • Explaining Governors’ Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic in the United States

    Open Access•Leonardo Baccini, Abel Brodeur•American Politics Research•2021

  • Spektakel. Wissensvermittlung als ästhetische Praxis

    Ann-Sophie Knittel•Zeitschrift für Volkskunde•2020

Unique citing works123
Citations per year20,5
Citation span2020 - 2026 (7)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 120

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