Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers

Bibliographic Data

ID6231745
AuthorsMatthew S Levendusky (University of Pennsylvania), Matthew Levendusky (0000-0003-3295-1276, California University of Pennsylvania, corresponding author)
Year2013
Volume57
Issue3
Pages611-623
Publication date2013-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Political Science (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0092-5853 • E-ISSN: 1540-5907
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/ajps.12008
OpenAlexW1494689044
LanguageEN
Citations received273
References cited54

The recent increase in partisan media has generated interest in whether such outlets polarize viewers. I draw on theories of motivated reasoning to explain why partisan media polarize viewers, why these programs affect some viewers much more strongly than others, and how long these effects endure. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my theoretical expectations, including the argument that these effects can still be detected several days postexposure. My results demonstrate that partisan media polarize the electorate by taking relatively extreme citizens and making them even more extreme. Though only a narrow segment of the public watches partisan media programs, partisan media's effects extend much more broadly throughout the political arena

Advertising · Affect (linguistics · Argument (complex analysis · Business · Media coverage · Media studies · News media · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Communication · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Media Influence and Politics · Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology

  • Party membership motivations and political activism in a polarized new democracy

    Open Access•Gi‐woo Roh, Jungsub Shin•Party Politics•2026

  • Partisan News

    Open Access•Daniel Stone, Daniel F Stone•Emerging Trends in the Social and…•2016

  • Kollektive Informationsverarbeitung von Medieninhalten

    Open Access•Johanna Schindler•Kollektive Informationsverarbeitung…•2023

  • Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation

    Open Access•Joshua Tucker, Andrew Guess et al.•SSRN Electronic Journal•2018

  • Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but not polarizing

    Open Access•Brendan Nyhan, Jaime E Settle et al.•Nature•2023

  • How the news media activate public expression and influence national agendas

    Open Access•Gary King, Benjamin Schneer et al.•Science•2017

  • The role of partisan news and political parasocial relationships in shaping meta‐perceptions

    Open Access•Muhammad Ehab Rasul, Boaz Hameiri et al.•Political Psychology•2026

  • Who Reads Criticism Matters

    Open Access•Jamie J Gruffydd-Jones•Public Opinion Quarterly•2026

  • The Polarizing Effect of News Framing

    Open Access•Jiyoung Han, Christopher M Federico et al.•Journal of Communication•2018

  • As Seen on TV? How Gatekeeping Makes the U.S. House Seem More Extreme

    Open Access•Jeremy Padgett, Johanna Dunaway et al.•Journal of Communication•2019

  • Politics or Platform

    Open Access•Morgan Butler, Ashley Larson et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2026

  • Konsumpcja mediów a negatywna identyfikacja partyjna w Polsce w 2015 i 2019 roku

    Open Access•Marta Żerkowska-Balas•Studia Socjologiczne•2022

  • The Solution of Group Behavior as a Model for Improving Human Resources in the Public Sector

    Open Access•Romanda Annas Amrullah•Celt A Journal of Culture English…•2021

  • Disinformation in the Spanish public debate

    Open Access•Ricardo Domínguez-García, Ana María Velasco Molpeceres et al.•Frontiers in Communication•2024

  • The illusion of political attitudes

    Open Access•Nitzan Attias, Dana Chudy et al.•Frontiers in Communication•2026

  • Is news consumption related to abortion attitudes? An exploratory study with a nationally representative sample of US adults

    Open Access•Lucrecia Mena-Meléndez, Brandon L Crawford et al.•Frontiers in Communication•2024

  • Election Journalism

    Saied Reza Ameli, Hamideh Molaei•Digital Journalism•2020

  • When and How User Comments Affect News Readers’ Personal Opinion

    Open Access•E J Lee, Eun‐ju Lee et al.•Digital Journalism•2021

  • Avoid or Authenticate? A Multilevel Cross-Country Analysis of the Roles of Fake News Concern and News Fatigue on News Avoidance and Authentication

    Michael Chan, Francis Lee et al.•Digital Journalism•2024

  • Perceived Victimhood and Hostility Toward Political Opponents in the US

    Open Access•Muhammad Ehab Rasul, Saifuddin Ahmed et al.•Media Psychology•2025

  • Polarisation and Silencing Others During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Germany

    Open Access•Tim Neumann, Ole Kelm et al.•Javnost - The Public•2021

  • The “Us vs. Them” Mentality

    Open Access•Youngju Kim, Young‐Ju Kim et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2023

  • Me Against Myself

    Open Access•Yifei Wang, Miriam J Metzger et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2025

  • The (Political) Show Must Go On

    Open Access•Mark Schroeder, Andrea Figueroa-Caballero•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2026

  • Disinformation in the Brazilian pre-election context

    Open Access•Tatiana Dourado, Sherri Salgado•The Communication Review•2021

  • How Does Political Communication Relate to Perceived Extremity of Partisans and Their Divides? From Communication to Polarization Perceptions to Political Engagement

    Open Access•Jisoo Kim, Hernando Rojas•Communication Studies•2025

  • Neutral news from in- and out-party media and attitudes toward them

    Open Access•Weina Ran, Masahiro Yamamoto•Communication Studies•2024

  • Message framing and Covid-19 vaccination intention

    Open Access•Porismita Borah•Current Psychology•2023

  • Red media, blue media, and misperceptions

    Open Access•Yan Su, Xin Hong et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Covid-19 Vaccine Intention and Social Cognitive Theory

    Porismita Borah, Erica Weintraub Austin et al.•Health Communication•2023

  • Echo chambers, polarization, and “Post-truth”

    Wade Munroe•Philosophical Psychology•2024

  • Information sources, media censorship, and individual relative political position

    Jieun Chang, Youngho Kang•Journal of Media Economics•2026

  • Cross-cutting and Like-minded Discussion on Social Media

    Hsuan-Ting Chen, Jhih-Syuan Lin•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2021

  • Abortion Salience After the Roe v. Wade Leak

    Huma Rasheed, Casey Randazzo et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2025

  • PolitiTalk

    Jessica F Sparks, Eliana Dubosar et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2025

  • Media Use and Affective Political Polarization

    Lars Willnat, Christine Ogan et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2023

  • Does hate attract likes? Offensive language and audience engagement in partisan YouTube videos

    Open Access•Kyungeun Jang, Young Min Baek•Telematics and Informatics•2026

  • Spreading anger, selling hope

    Kyungeun Jang, Young Min Baek•Behaviour and Information…•2026

  • Negativity makes us polarized

    Yi Wu, Fei Shen•Asian Journal of Communication•2020

  • Do we always cast our votes with accurate information? The mediating role of misperception in the relationship between partisan media use and retrospective voting

    Jinwan Kim, Jaewan Lee et al.•Asian Journal of Communication•2025

  • Issues, Interactions, and Group Images as Mechanisms of Affective Polarization in Two Environmental Conflicts in Argentina

    Open Access•Arturo L Fitz Herbert, Luciano H Elizalde Acevedo•Palabra Clave•2024

  • Living in a (Mediated) Political World

    Open Access•B Mclaughlin, Melissa R Gotlieb et al.•Communication Research•2026

  • Active vs. Passive Ambivalent Voters

    Open Access•Chingching Chang, Chung-Li Wu•Communication Research•2023

  • Source-Inconsistent News From Partisan Media

    Open Access•Masahiro Yamamoto, Chia-Heng Chang•Communication Research•2025

  • The impact of group polarization on the quality of online debate in social media

    Open Access•Luca Iandoli, Simonetta Primario et al.•Technological Forecasting and…•2021

  • Democrats and independents stigmatize people with Covid-19 greater compared to Republicans

    Chelsea L Monheim, Mary S Himmelstein•The Journal of Social Psychology•2023

  • Political Common Ground on Preserving Nature

    Open Access•Matthew I Billet, Adam Baimel et al.•Environment and Behavior•2024

  • When Does Party Cooperation Inform Voters Judgments of Policy Proximity? A Cross-National Analysis of Heuristic Use in Multi-Party Democracies

    Open Access•Lie Philip Santoso•Comparative Political Studies•2026

  • Partisanship, Ideology, and Selective Exposure

    Open Access•María Luisa Humanes, Lidia Valera-Ordaz•Media and Communication•2022

  • Remixing News

    Open Access•Olli Seuri, Kim Ramstedt•Media and Communication•2022

  • The Selective Communication of Political Information

    Open Access•Pierce D Ekstrom, Calvin K Lai•Social Psychological and…•2021

  • La polarización ideológica de los periodistas españoles ante la corrupción institucional

    Open Access•Azahara Ortiz-González, Rosa Berganza et al.•Revista de Comunicacion•2024

  • The Consequences of Broader Media Choice

    D J Hopkins, Jonathan M Ladd•Quarterly Journal of Political…•2014

  • Local News, Information, and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections

    Open Access•Daniel J Moskowitz•American Political Science Review•2021

  • ‘Hook’-shaped polarization

    Yijia Zhu, Sebastian Scherr•Information Communication & Society•2026

  • Does news literacy help combat misinformation? The interplay of news literacy, political ideology, and ideological media use on Covid-19 misperceptions

    Jianing Li, Porismita Borah et al.•Information Communication & Society•2025

  • A changing climate of skepticism

    Open Access•Hannah Schmid-Petri, Silke Adam et al.•Public Understanding of Science•2017

  • Partisanship and anti-elite worldviews as correlates of science and health beliefs in the multi-party system of Spain

    Open Access•Anna Katharina Spälti, Benjamin Lyons et al.•Public Understanding of Science•2023

  • Defeating Merchants of Doubt

    Open Access•Jiyoung Han, Yungwook Kim•Public Understanding of Science•2020

  • Partisan Selective Sharing

    Open Access•Jieun Shin, Kjerstin Thorson•Journal of Communication•2017

  • Introducción

    Ivan Schuliaquer, Gabriel Vommaro•REVISTA SAAP•2020

  • Economic News

    Open Access•R Vliegenthart, Alyt Damstra et al.•Economic News•2021

  • Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure

    David Autor, David Dorn et al.•American Economic Review•2020

  • The People’s Attorney? Examining Public Trust in the Prosecutor’s Office

    Open Access•Joshua Baldwin, Damon Cann et al.•Journal of Law and Courts•2026

  • “They Check Facts” vs. “Claptrap!”

    Open Access•Alex Zhi-Xiong Koo, Jisoo Kim et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2026

  • Cumulative Exposure

    Patrick Meirick, Patrick C Meirick et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2026

  • Is Network Structure Important for Protest Mobilization? Findings from Agent-Based Modeling

    Open Access•Alexander Petrov, Alexander P Ch Petrov et al.•Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ:…•2021

  • Polarización y creencias sociales en algunos militantes de dos partidos políticos ideológicamente antagónicos en el marco del posconflicto en Colombia

    Open Access•Juan David Villa Gómez, Juan Camilo Sarmiento Rojas•Revista Guillermo de Ockham•2022

  • Modes of asking as switches

    Open Access•Suhong Song, Zelong Liang et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2026

  • Public Affairs Outlet Viewership, Partisanship, and Racial Resentment

    Patrick Meirick•Howard Journal of Communications•2026

  • Red, Blue, and the Ballot

    Open Access•Muhammad Ehab Rasul, Jay D Hmielowski•Communication Studies•2026

  • Understanding Political Polarization Based on User Activity

    Open Access•Giang T C Tran, Luong Vuong Nguyen et al.•SAGE Open•2022

  • Online polarization and cross-fertilization in multi-cleavage societies

    Open Access•Rubén Rodríguez Casañ, Enrique García-Vidal et al.•Social Network Analysis and Mining•2022

  • A review and provocation

    Open Access•Daniel Krei, Shannon C Mcgregor•New Media & Society•2024

  • Intellectual humility in the sociopolitical domain

    Open Access•Elizabeth J Krumrei-Mancuso, Brian Newman•Self and Identity•2020

  • Polarization on Social Media

    Open Access•Marijn A Keijzer, Marijn Keijzer et al.•Journal of Artificial Societies…•2024

  • Putting Politics in the Lab

    Open Access•Damien Bol•Government and Opposition•2019

  • The effect of selective exposure on agenda diversity

    Open Access•John K Wagner•Frontiers in Political Science•2023

  • Can I Stick to My Guns? Motivated Reasoning and Biased Processing of Balanced Political Information

    Open Access•Carlos Brenes-Peralta, Magdalena Wojcieszak et al.•Communication & Society•2021

  • The Politics of Pandemic Emotions

    Open Access•P Froese, Rebecca Bonhag•Social Currents•2024

  • Longitudinal Associations Between Perceived Inclusivity Norms and Opinion Polarization in Adolescence

    Open Access•Maor Shani, M A M Berns et al.•Social Inclusion•2025

  • Retrocessos autoritários na atual crise da democracia brasileira

    Open Access•Émerson Gabardo, Marion Dias Brepohl et al.•Revista Tempo e Argumento•2021

  • How does pro-attitudinal information improve intergroup relations? Unraveling the underlying mechanism of American and Chinese people’s mutual attitudes

    Yilu Yang, Tianru Guan et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2023

  • From strategy to sentiment

    Open Access•Marisa A Smith, Meredith D Clark et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2025

  • Narrow Margins and Misinformation

    Open Access•Shea Rhode•Social Sciences•2024

  • Media or political affiliations? Political transition, government trust, and affective polarization in South Korea

    Open Access•Heysung Lee, Hernando Rojas•Asian Journal of Comparative…•2025

  • Egocentric publics and corrective action

    Open Access•Hernando Rojas, Matthew Barnidge et al.•Communication and the Public•2016

  • Social media, efficacy, and non-normative collective action in Chile, Colombia, and Peru

    Open Access•Fernando Ruiz-Dodobara, Karla A Uribe-Bravo et al.•Communication and the Public•2025

  • More than Two-Party Divides? Social Media, Ideological Extremity, and Affective Polarization in the Multi-party System

    Open Access•Heysung Lee, Hernando Rojas•Social Media + Society•2025

  • How Does Media Choice Affect Hostile Media Perceptions? Evidence from Participant Preference Experiments

    Open Access•Kevin Arceneaux, Martin Johnson•Journal of Experimental Political…•2015

  • No One Mourns the Wicked

    Open Access•Wayde Z C Marsh•Journal of Experimental Political…•2025

  • Walk this way, talk this way

    Open Access•John Ray•Interest Groups & Advocacy•2018

  • Media, Imperialism, and Ideology

    Soner Tauscher, Yigit Cem Eskicioglu•Middle East Critique•2025

  • Trust in Government and Media Slant

    Open Access•Andrea Ceron, Vincenzo Memoli•The International Journal of…•2015

  • When Going to War Is Costly

    Open Access•Daniel Stevens, Bárbara Allen•The International Journal of…•2017

  • Messaging “en Español”

    Open Access•Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga•The International Journal of…•2021

  • No Polarization From Partisan News

    Open Access•Magdalena Wojcieszak, Sjifra E De Leeuw et al.•The International Journal of…•2021

  • Covering #MeToo across the News Spectrum

    Open Access•Shreenita Ghosh, Min-Hsin Su et al.•The International Journal of…•2020

  • A Media Repertoires Approach to Selective Exposure

    Open Access•Ferenc Toth, Sabina Mihelj et al.•The International Journal of…•2022

  • Are Perceptions of Candidate Traits Shaped by the Media? The Effects of Three Types of Media Bias

    Open Access•Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Markus Wagner et al.•The International Journal of…•2016

  • The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion

    Open Access•John R Zaller, John Zaller•Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion•1992

  • The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

    T Skocpol, Vanessa Williamson•The Tea Party and the remaking of…•2012

  • Myth of the Independent Voter

    Keith Magleby, Elizabeth Orr et al.•Myth of the Independent Voter•1992

  • Post-Broadcast Democracy

    Open Access•Markus Prior•Post-Broadcast Democracy•2007

  • Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing.

    Joshua Klayman, Young-Won Ha•Psychological Review•1987

  • The effects of mass communication

    Joseph T Klapper•The effects of mass communication•1960

  • The Disappearing Center

    Alan I Abramowitz•Disappearing Center•2017

  • Red Media, Blue Media

    Open Access•Sharad Iyengar, Kyu S Hahn•Journal of Communication•2009

  • A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar

    Open Access•R L Holbert, R Kelly Garrett et al.•Journal of Communication•2010

  • The Market for News

    Sendhil Mullainathan, Andrei Shleifer•American Economic Review•2005

  • Going to Extremes

    Cass R Sunstein•Going to extremes•2009

  • Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure

    Open Access•Natalie Jomini Stroud•Journal of Communication•2010

  • A Measure of Media Bias

    Tim Groseclose, Jeffrey Milyo•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2005

  • The Fox News Effect

    Stefano Dellavigna, Edward H Kaplan et al.•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2007

  • Knowing what to think by knowing who you are

    Open Access•Dominic Abrams, Margaret Wetherell et al.•British Journal of Social…•1990

  • Niche News

    Natalie Jomini Stroud•Niche news•2011

  • What Drives Media Slant? Evidence From U.S. Daily Newspapers

    Open Access•Matthew Gentzkow, Jesse M Shapiro•Econometrica•2010

  • Problem Solving in a Polarized Age

    Open Access•Alan S Gerber, Eric M Patashnik•The Forum•2010

  • "After the "Housequake

    Open Access•David E Price•The Forum•2010

  • Deindividuation Effects on Group Polarization in Computer-Mediated Communication

    Open Access•E J Lee, Eun-Ju Lee•Journal of Communication•2006

  • Rushed Decisions

    David C Barker•The Journal of Politics•1999

  • Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making

    David P Redlawsk•The Journal of Politics•2002

  • You Must Remember This

    David P Redlawsk•The Journal of Politics•2001

  • Social Identification and Public Opinion

    Vincent Price•Public Opinion Quarterly•1989

  • Activation of Political Attitudes

    Open Access•J P Morris, Nancy K Squires et al.•Political Psychology•2003

  • The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues

    Open Access•Milton Lodge, Charles S Taber•Political Psychology•2005

  • New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse

    Matthew A Baum, Tim Groeling•Political Communication•2008

  • The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments

    Open Access•Charles S Taber, Damon Cann et al.•Political Behavior•2009

  • The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

    Open Access•Vanessa Williamson, T Skocpol et al.•Perspectives on Politics•2011

  • Primary Elections and Candidate Ideology

    Open Access•D Brady, David W Brady et al.•Legislative Studies Quarterly•2007

  • Framing and Deliberation

    James N Druckman, Kjersten R Nelson et al.•American Journal of Political…•2003

  • Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs

    Open Access•Charles S Taber, Milton Lodge•American Journal of Political…•2006

  • Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression

    Open Access•Paul Goren, Christopher M Federico et al.•American Journal of Political…•2009

  • Exploiting a Rare Communication Shift to Document the Persuasive Power of the News Media

    Open Access•Jonathan Mcdonald Ladd, Gabriel S Lenz•American Journal of Political…•2009

  • Experimental Estimation of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Related to Self-Selection

    Open Access•Barry J Gaines, Brian J Gaines et al.•American Journal of Political…•2011

  • Attitude strength and resistance processes

    Eva M Pomerantz, Shelly Chaiken et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1995

  • The group as a polarizer of attitudes

    Serge Moscovici, Marisa Zavalloni•Journal of Personality and Social…•1969

  • Motivated skepticism

    Peter H Ditto, David F Lopez•Journal of Personality and Social…•1992

  • A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication

    Open Access•W L Bennett, Sharad Iyengar et al.•Journal of Communication•2008

  • The case for motivated reasoning

    Ziva Kunda•Psychological Bulletin•1990

  • Activists and Conflict Extension in American Party Politics

    Open Access•Geoffrey C Layman, Thomas M Carsey et al.•American Political Science Review•2010

  • Assessing the Case for Social Experiments

    Open Access•James J Heckman, Jeffrey A Smith•The Journal of Economic…•1995

  • The Responsive Voter

    Open Access•Milton Lodge, Marco R Steenbergen et al.•American Political Science Review•1995

  • Dynamic Public Opinion

    Open Access•Dennis Chong, James N Druckman•American Political Science Review•2010

  • How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment

    Open Access•Alan S Gerber, James G Gimpel et al.•American Political Science Review•2011

  • Partisan Cues and the Media

    Open Access•Russell J Dalton, Paul A Beck et al.•American Political Science Review•1998

  • An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation

    Open Access•Milton Lodge, Kathleen M Mcgraw et al.•American Political Science Review•1989

  • A Source of Bias in Public Opinion Stability

    Open Access•James N Druckman, Jordan Fein et al.•American Political Science Review•2012

  • Effects of "In-Your-Face" Television Discourse on Perceptions of a Legitimate Opposition

    Open Access•Diana C Mutz•American Political Science Review•2007

Unique citing works273
Citations per year21
Citation span2013 - 2026 (14)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 272

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae