Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Qualitative Methods

Bibliographic Data

ID6232968
AuthorsJohn Gerring (0000-0001-9858-2050, Department of Government, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, corresponding author)
Year2017
Volume20
Issue1
Pages15-36
Publication date2017-05-11
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueAnnual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577
PublisherAnnual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1146/annurev-polisci-092415-024158
OpenAlexW4248832116
LanguageEN
Citations received87
References cited95

One might argue that political science has gone further than any other social science in developing a rigorous field of study devoted to qualitative methods. This review article begins by discussing the time-honored qualitative/quantitative distinction. What is qualitative data and analysis, and how does it differ from quantitative data and analysis? I propose a narrow definition of “qualitative” and explore its implications. I also explore in a speculative vein some of the factors underlying the ongoing Methodenstreit between scholars who identify with quantitative and qualitative approaches to social science. In the remainder of the article I discuss areas of qualitative research that have been especially fecund over the past decade. These include case selection, causal inference, and multimethod research

Epistemology · Field (mathematics · Qualitative analysis · Qualitative property · Qualitative research · Social science · Sociology · Computer Science · Policy Transfer and Learning · Political Influence and Corporate Strategies · Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research

  • Governing Little Fiefdoms

    Open Access•Ian Baran•Urban Affairs Review•2026

  • Diverse dimensions of power challenge collaborative environmental governance

    Open Access•Linda E Méndez-Barrientos•Global Environmental Change•2026

  • Community Service Order Punishment

    Open Access•Adi Syahputra Sirait, Mhd Syahnan et al.•Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah…•2024

  • Inheritance in the Mandailing Community

    Open Access•Putra Halomoan Hsb Putra Halomoan Hsb, Putra Halomoan Hsb et al.•Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah…•2025

  • Kreativitas generasi Z menggunakan bahasa prokem dalam berkomunikasi pada aplikasi TikTok

    Open Access•Fahra Auliani Rahmah, Ismatul Khasanah•DIGLOSIA Jurnal Kajian Bahasa…•2023

  • Pembelajaran Online Piano di Concertino Music School Medan

    Open Access•Rachel Yohana Adriana Napitupulu, Andre Indrawan•PROMUSIKA•2022

  • Transformasi makna budaya tradisi nguras enceh pada generasi milenial

    Open Access•Bintan Auliya Qurrota A'yun, Bintan Auliya Qurrota A’yun et al.•HUMANIKA•2024

  • Populism and policy capacity

    Open Access•Ebru Ertugal, Faik Gur et al.•Public Administration and…•2026

  • Understanding Qualitative Research Methodology

    Open Access•David Makateng, Ntsoaki Teresa Mokala•E-Journal of Humanities Arts and…•2025

  • This local band! Celebrity culture of Jawa Arek in Yowis Ben tetralogy

    Open Access•Nimas Wibowo•Jurnal Studi Komunikasi…•2025

  • Inside the proxy relationship

    Open Access•Margaret Mcweeney, Kevin Harrington•Cogent Social Sciences•2026

  • Teacher Professional Capital in Cross-School Professional Learning Communities of the Educational Reform Context

    Open Access•Jui-Hsuan Hung•SAGE Open•2026

  • Türkiye’de Akademik Dergilerde Yayınlanan Tefsir Konulu Araştırma Makalelerinin Bibliyometrik Analizi (1925-2023)

    Open Access•Vedat Yetkin•İslami İlimler Dergisi•2024

  • Yerinde Yaşlanmada Mekân

    Open Access•Ahmed Hamza Alpay•Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal…•2023

  • Arts Management

    Haiyin Sun•The Journal of Arts Management…•2025

  • Ripeness obscured

    Open Access•Michael J Butler•International Journal of Conflict…•2024

  • Robust municipal decision making? A pilot study of applying robust decision making in three Swedish municipalities

    Open Access•Matthew Wester, Misse Wester•Journal of Environmental Planning…•2022

  • Political Science as a Science

    Open Access•Diturije Ismaili, Ridvan Peshkopia et al.•Science & Education•2025

  • Too complex to collaborate? Rethinking CSO–municipal relations for public service provision

    Open Access•Renzo De La Riva Agüero•World Development•2026

  • Theory before method

    Open Access•H Zeynep Bulutgil, Harris Mylonas•International Political Science…•2026

  • Advancing Citizen Engagement Through Digital Tools

    Tiina Randma-Liiv, Rasa Bortkevičiūtė et al.•International Journal of Public…•2026

  • Balancing practicality and aspiration

    Open Access•Anne E Mosher, Stephen Bird et al.•Landscape and Urban Planning•2025

  • The role of community pharmacists in natural disasters

    Open Access•Samet Dinçer, Fatma Gündüz Zeybekoğlu et al.•Health Policy•2025

  • Musicological analysis of the recitation of Surah Al-Fatiha in the musically-performed congregational worship

    Open Access•Andre Indrawan, Salsabil Salsabil et al.•rast müzikoloji dergisi•2023

  • Reflection of Islamic musical culture in an Indonesian Malay secular song as evidence of local identity

    Open Access•Suryati, Sevi Qurrotul A'yun et al.•rast müzikoloji dergisi•2025

  • From patronage to crisis

    Open Access•Nazirul Islam Sarker•Party Politics•2026

  • Tax Relations in Contexts of Fragility

    Open Access•Gayatri Sahgal•Journal of International…•2026

  • Heuristic Approach in Contemporary Chinese Digital Art

    Li Wu•Contemporary Buddhism•2024

  • Disparate Emotions as Expressions of Well-Being

    Open Access•Saeid Abbasian•International Journal of…•2022

  • Is Research Safe in the AI Revolution? LLMs Fall Short of Expert Benchmarks in Scientific Evidence Evaluation

    Open Access•Simone Paci•Chinese Political Science Review•2026

  • Dɛnkyɛm

    Open Access•Jakia Marie•Genealogy•2024

  • Rules, institutions and policy capacity

    Open Access•José Carlos Orihuela, Sergio Serrano•Energy Research & Social Science•2024

  • Beyond Policy

    Open Access•Evanthia Kalpazidou Schmidt, Anna Vigsø Pedersen•Social Inclusion•2025

  • Campaigns, Mobilisation, and Composition Effects in the 2018 Irish Abortion Referendum

    Open Access•Karen Cunningham, Eoin O''Malley et al.•Politics and Governance•2025

  • Artistic Interventions in Urban Renewal

    Open Access•Yun Zhou, Y P Zhou et al.•Societies•2024

  • Politics, audience costs, and signalling

    Open Access•James R Schlesinger, Jayme R Schlesinger et al.•European Journal of International…•2021

  • Computational methods for the analysis of climate change communication

    Open Access•Mike S Schäfer, Valerie Hase•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2022

  • Domestic Debate and International Office

    Open Access•Ulrika Möller, Ann-Marie Ekengren et al.•Foreign Policy Analysis•2023

  • Middle Powers and Soft-Power Rivalry

    Open Access•Asaf Siniver, Gerasimos Tsourapas•Foreign Policy Analysis•2023

  • Elections, coalitions, and the politics of Brazil's macroeconomic stabilization

    Open Access•Daniel H Alves•Politics & Policy•2024

  • Elite Interviewing in Political Science

    Open Access•Ozlem Tuncel•Perspectives on Politics•2026

  • How to Analyze Social Media? Assessing the Promise of Mixed-Methods Designs for Studying the Twitter Feeds of PMSCs

    Open Access•Andrea Schneiker, Magnus Dau et al.•International Studies Perspectives•2018

  • Getting Inside the Mind of Leaders and Advisers

    Open Access•Wendy He, Pascal Vennesson•International Studies Perspectives•2024

  • Institutionalizing human rights in sports mega events

    Open Access•Callum McCloskey, D Mcgillivray et al.•Soccer and Society•2026

  • Expert legitimacy and competing legitimation in Italian school reforms

    Open Access•Maria Tullia Galanti•Policy and Society•2023

  • The Dual Drivers of Inter-Local Collaboration

    Lingyi Zhou•Journal of Comparative Policy…•2025

  • Agenda Setting for the 20% Mandatory Subcontracting Policy in Zambia’s Construction Sector

    Open Access•Sydney Tembo, Seunghoo Lim•Public Works Management & Policy•2022

  • Identifying Narrative Descriptions in Agent-Based Models Representing Past Human-Environment Interactions

    Open Access•George L W Perry, David O’sullivan•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2017

  • Financial resource curse in the Eurozone periphery

    Open Access•Sebastian Dellepiane-Avellaneda, Niamh Hardiman et al.•Review of International Political…•2021

  • What gives you the right?’ Foreign policymakers’ perceptions of the legitimacy of sanctions against democratic breakdown in Venezuela (2014–2019)

    Stefano Palestini, Yancy Villarroel•Cambridge Review of International…•2024

  • People‐Processing Capacity

    Open Access•Andreas Lundstedt, Andreas Asplèn Lundstedt•Governance•2025

  • When Nature Strikes

    Open Access•Mads Dagnis Jensen, Suen Wang•Governance•2025

  • The Paradox of Poverty and Resource Wealth

    Open Access•Osarenogae Sharon Edobor, Gideon Baffoe•Journal of Developing Societies•2025

  • Causal Explanation in Brazilian International Relations

    Open Access•Enzo Lenine•Contexto Internacional•2025

  • Vicarious trauma in disaster situations

    Open Access•Louis Nyahunda, Jabulani Calvin Makhubele et al.•The British Journal of Social Work•2026

  • Global Health Expertise in the Shadow of Hegemony

    Open Access•Alexander E Kentikelenis, Leonard Seabrooke et al.•Studies in Comparative…•2023

  • From different paths to a similar road? Understanding the convergence of subnational immigrant integration policies in Belgium

    Catherine Xhardez•Regional Studies•2019

  • Engines of learning? Policy instruments, cities and climate governance

    Open Access•Ekaterina Domorenok, Anthony R Zito•Policy Sciences•2021

  • Claiming Relevance for Social Science and the Humanities

    Open Access•Tomas Hellström, Merle Jacob•Minerva•2024

  • Framing European Heritage and Identity

    Open Access•Anthony R Zito, Susannah Eckersley•JCMS Journal of Common Market…•2025

  • Deliberating with purpose

    Open Access•Joanna Massie•Canadian Public Administration•2023

  • Curiosidade Feminista nas Relações Internacionais

    Open Access•Enzo Lenine•Dados•2024

  • The Impact of Welfare on Intergroup Relations

    Open Access•AKSHAY GOVIND DIXIT•American Political Science Review•2025

  • Living with observational data in biological anthropology

    Open Access•Richard J Smith•American Journal of Physical…•2019

  • Rituals without Rapprochement? Managing Hostility at the Tripartite Meetings in the United Nations Mission in Lebanon

    Open Access•Vanessa F Newby, Vanessa Newby et al.•Global Studies Quarterly•2026

  • Africanising social science research methodology for development

    Edlyne E Anugwom•African Identities•2026

  • Crisis pressures and European integration

    Open Access•Federico M Ferrara, Hanspeter Kriesi•Journal of European Public Policy•2022

  • European growth models and deindustrialization trajectories

    Open Access•Miguel Casaú, Miguel Guirao et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2025

  • Les organisations facilitatrices de l’alerte en Amérique latine

    Open Access•Román Perdomo, Claire Launay-Gama•Éthique Publique•2025

  • Quantitative Political Science Research Is Greatly Underpowered

    Vincent Arel-Bundock, Ryan C Briggs et al.•The Journal of Politics•2025

  • Ethnic Quotas, Political Representation and Equity in Asia Pacific

    Open Access•Netina Tan, Cassandra Preece•Representation•2022

  • Democracy, Interpretation, and the “Problem” of Conceptual Ambiguity

    John Boswell, Jack Corbett•Polity•2021

  • What explains equity-enhancing reforms under centre-right governments? Evidence from Brazil

    Open Access•Daniel H Alves•Politics•2025

  • The democratic qualities of regulatory agencies

    Libby Maman•Policy & Politics•2022

  • Conducting Interview Projects in the US Congress

    Open Access•Daniel Steiman, Elizabeth Suhay•Legislative Studies Quarterly•2023

  • Venue‐Making

    Open Access•Christian Breunig, K Jonathan Klüser•Governance•2025

  • Enforcing peoples’ right to democracy

    Open Access•Stefano Palestini, Erica Martinelli•European Journal of International…•2023

  • Measuring libertarian ideology with party manifesto data

    Open Access•Jonathan Arlow•Contemporary Politics•2025

  • Museum as active aging place for elderly volunteer interpreters

    Xi Zhang, Chaozhi Zhang•Museum Management and Curatorship•2024

  • From cognition to emotion

    Xi Zhang, Chaozhi Zhang•Museum Management and Curatorship•2025

  • Race, citizenship, and belonging in the pursuit of water and climate justice in California

    Open Access•Linda Estelí Méndez-Barrientos, Amanda L Fencl et al.•Environment and Planning E Nature…•2023

  • Citizenship as a rhetorical tool of nation-building

    Catherine Xhardez•Citizenship Studies•2020

  • Ambivalent allies

    Open Access•K Clarke•Journal of Peace Research•2023

  • Do Quantitative and Qualitative Research Reflect two Distinct Cultures? An Empirical Analysis of 180 Articles Suggests 'no

    Open Access•David Kuehn, Ingo Rohlfing•Sociological Methods & Research•2024

  • Why Causal Mechanisms and Process Tracing Should Alter Case Selection Guidance

    Open Access•Ryan Saylor•Sociological Methods & Research•2020

  • Foreign Aid and Socioeconomic Development

    Open Access•Doris Aja-Eke•Journal of Asian and African…•2025

  • The strange career of Millian methods in comparative social science

    Open Access•C Kurzman•Social Forces•2025

  • Qualitative Sociology

    Howard Schwartz•Qualitative Sociology•1979

  • Diplomacy

    Paul Gordon Lauren•Diplomacy•1979

  • Ethnography and human development

    Anne Colby, Richard A Shweder et al.•Ethnography and human development•1996

  • The Qualitative-Quantitative Distinction in the Social Sciences

    Open Access•Barry Glassner, Jonathan D Moreno•Qualitative-Quantitative…•1989

  • Process-Tracing Methods

    Open Access•Derek Beach, Rasmus Brun Pedersen et al.•Process-Tracing Methods:…•2013

  • Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield•Private Wealth and Public Revenue…•2015

  • A Tale of Two Cultures

    Gary Goertz, James Mahoney•A tale of two cultures•2012

  • The Two Cultures

    Open Access•C P Snow, Stefan Collini•Two Cultures•1993

  • Field Research in Political Science

    Open Access•Diana Kapiszewski, Lauren M Maclean et al.•Field Research in Political Science•2015

  • Essay

    Sarah E Page, Scott E Page•Quarterly Journal of Political…•2006

  • Systematic process analysis

    Open Access•Peter A Hall•European Management Review•2006

  • The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes

    Christina D Romer, Christina Romer et al.•American Economic Review•2010

  • Studies in ethnomethodology

    Harold Garfinkel•Studies in ethnomethodology•1984

  • Rethinking Social Inquiry

    Henry E Brady, David Collier•Rethinking Social Inquiry•2010

  • Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis

    Open Access•Stephan Haggard, Jane Gingrich et al.•Advances in Comparative-Historical…•2015

  • Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics

    Open Access•Peter A Hall•Comparative Historical Analysis…•2003

  • Multi-Method Social Science

    Open Access•Jason Seawright•Multi-Method Social Science•2016

  • Case Studies and Causal Inference

    Open Access•Ingo Rohlfing•Case Studies and Causal Inference•2012

  • Foundations of Multimethod Research

    John Brewer, Albert Hunter et al.•Foundations of Multimethod Research•2006

  • Women as Policy Makers

    Open Access•Raghabendra Chattopadhyay, Esther Duflo•Econometrica•2004

  • Designing Case Studies

    Open Access•Joachim Blatter, Markus Haverland•Designing Case Studies•2012

  • Electing to Fight

    Edward D Mansfield, Jack Snyder•Electing to fight•2005

  • Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences

    Open Access•Thad Dunning•Natural Experiments in the Social…•2012

  • The Paradox of Plenty

    Terry Lynn Karl•Paradox of Plenty•1997

  • The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology

    Donald Collier, J M Box-Steffensmeier et al.•The Oxford handbook of political…•2008

  • Process Tracing

    Open Access•Andrew Bennett, Jeffrey T Checkel•Process Tracing•2014

  • More Than Method

    Open Access•Gitte Sommer Harrits•Journal of Mixed Methods Research•2011

  • Case Studies

    Open Access•Jack S Levy•Conflict Management and Peace…•2008

  • Going Where the Money Is

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield•World Development•2013

  • Wars between democracies

    James Lee Ray•International Interactions•1993

  • Case Studies and the Statistical Worldview

    Open Access•Timothy J Mckeown•International Organization•1999

  • The Case for Selecting Cases That Are Deviant or Extreme on the Independent Variable

    Open Access•Jason Seawright•Sociological Methods & Research•2016

  • Causation in the Social Sciences

    Open Access•Julian Reis, Julian Reiss•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2009

  • Case Studies

    Open Access•Michael S Morgan, Mary S Morgan•Philosophy of Science•2012

  • Why Doesn't the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State

    Alberto Alesina, Edward L Glaeser et al.•Brookings Papers on Economic…•2001

  • Political Ethnography

    Edward Schatz•Political Ethnography•2009

  • Committing to Peace

    Open Access•Barbara F Walter•Committing to Peace•2021

  • Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

    Barrington Moore, Jr Barrington Moore•Social Origins of Dictatorship…•1974

  • After KKV

    Open Access•James Mahoney•World Politics•2010

  • The Division of Labor in Social Science Research

    Rounak Sil, Rudra Sil•Polity•2000

  • Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research

    Open Access•Jason Seawright, John Gerring•Political Research Quarterly•2008

  • Putting Typologies to Work

    Open Access•Donald Collier, David Collier et al.•Political Research Quarterly•2012

  • Complex Causal Relations and Case Study Methods

    Open Access•Andrew Bennett, Colin Elman•Political Analysis•2006

  • A Tale of Two Cultures

    Open Access•James Mahoney, Gary Goertz•Political Analysis•2006

  • Text as Data

    Open Access•Justin Grimmer, Brandon M Stewart et al.•Political Analysis•2013

  • Causal Process “Observation

    Open Access•Niels Beck, Nathaniel Beck•Political Analysis•2010

  • Is Causal-Process Observation an Oxymoron

    Open Access•Niels Beck, Nathaniel Beck•Political Analysis•2006

  • When Multi-Method Research Subverts Methodological Pluralism—or, Why We Still Need Single-Method Research

    Open Access•Amel Ahmed, Rounak Sil et al.•Perspectives on Politics•2012

  • Can the Biomedical Research Cycle be a Model for Political Science

    Open Access•Evan S Lieberman, Eva Lieberman•Perspectives on Politics•2016

  • Conceptualizing Continuity and Change

    Open Access•T C Boas•Journal of Theoretical Politics•2007

  • Explanatory Typologies in Qualitative Studies of International Politics

    Colin Elman•International Organization•2005

  • Set Diagrams and Qualitative Research

    Open Access•James Mahoney, Rachel Sweet Vanderpoel•Comparative Political Studies•2015

  • Qualitative Methods and Cross-Method Dialogue in Political Science

    Open Access•Jack S Levy•Comparative Political Studies•2007

  • Qualitative Research

    Andrew Bennett, Colin Elman•Annual Review of Political Science•2006

  • Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide

    Evan S Lieberman, Eva Lieberman•Annual Review of Political Science•2010

  • An Experimental Template for Case Study Research

    Open Access•John Gerring, Rose Mcdermott•American Journal of Political…•2007

  • Mere Description

    Open Access•John Gerring•British Journal of Political…•2012

  • Process Tracing and Qualitative Causal Inference

    David Waldner•Security Studies•2015

  • Data Access and Research Transparency in the Qualitative Tradition

    Open Access•Colin Elman, Diana Kapiszewski•PS Political Science & Politics•2014

  • Qualitative Data Archiving

    Open Access•Colin Elman, Diana Kapiszewski et al.•PS Political Science & Politics•2010

  • Social Science Concepts

    Gary Goertz•Social Science Concepts•2005

  • Understanding Process Tracing

    Open Access•Donald Collier, David Collier•PS Political Science & Politics•2011

  • The Promising Integration of Qualitative Methods and Field Experiments

    Open Access•Elizabeth Levy Paluck•The Annals of the American…•2010

  • A Comparative Study of Canadian Parties

    Open Access•Leon D Epstein•American Political Science Review•1964

  • Political Devolution and Resistance to Foreign Rule

    Open Access•Jeremy Ferwerda, Nicholas L Miller•American Political Science Review•2014

  • Oppositional Poverty

    Open Access•Eithne Mclaughlin•The Sociological Review•1991

  • Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method

    Open Access•Arend Lijphart•American Political Science Review•1971

  • Setting the Rules of the Game

    Open Access•Carles Boix•American Political Science Review•1999

  • Mixing Methods

    Open Access•Michael Humphreys, Macartan Humphreys et al.•American Political Science Review•2015

  • Historical Knowledge and Quantitative Analysis

    Open Access•Marcus Kreuzer•American Political Science Review•2010

  • The Political Salience of Cultural Difference

    Open Access•Daniel N Posner, Donald Posner•American Political Science Review•2004

  • Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research

    Open Access•Evan S Lieberman, Eva Lieberman•American Political Science Review•2005

  • Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences

    Pauline Marie Rosenau•Post-Modernism and the Social…•1992

  • Selecting Cases for Intensive Analysis

    Open Access•John Gerring, Lee Cojocaru•Sociological Methods & Research•2016

  • A Careful Look at Modern Case Selection Methods

    Open Access•Michael C Herron, Kevin M Quinn•Sociological Methods & Research•2016

  • The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences

    Open Access•James Mahoney•Sociological Methods & Research•2012

  • Case Study' in American Methodological Thought

    Open Access•Jennifer Platt•Current Sociology•1992

  • The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry

    Open Access•T Skocpol, Margaret R Somers et al.•Comparative Studies in Society…•1980

  • States and Social Revolutions

    Open Access•T Skocpol•States and Social Revolutions•1979

Unique citing works87
Citations per year9,67
Citation span2017 - 2026 (10)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 86

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae