Children's Social Reasoning about Inclusion and Exclusion in Gender and Race Peer Group Contexts
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 19600398 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Melanie Killen (0000-0002-6392-9373, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland , College Park, MD), Charles Stangor (University of Maryland , College Park, MD) |
| Year | 2001 |
| Volume | 72 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 174-186 |
| Publication date | 2001-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Child Development (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0009-3920 • E-ISSN: 1467-8624 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/1467-8624.00272 |
| PMID | 11280477 |
| OpenAlex | W2003275148 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 117 |
| References cited | 14 |
This study investigated whether children's and adolescents' judgments about exclusion of peers from peer group activities on the basis of their gender and race would differ by both age level and the context in which the exclusion occurred. Individual interviews about exclusion in several different contexts were conducted with 130 middle-class, European American children and adolescents. Younger children were expected to reject exclusion, by using judgments based on moral reasoning, regardless of the potential cost to group functioning, whereas older children were expected to condone exclusion on the basis of group membership in cases in which the inclusion of these children might interrupt effective group functioning. On measures of judgments, justifications for those judgments, and ratings of the appropriateness of exclusion, the vast majority of children used moral reasoning and rejected exclusion in contexts in which only the presence of a stereotype justified it. As expected, however, older children (13 years) were more likely to allow exclusion than younger children (7 and 10 years) when group functioning was threatened, and they justified this exclusion by using appeals to effective group functioning
Context (archaeology) · Developmental psychology · Inclusion (mineral) · Inclusion and exclusion criteria · Inclusion–exclusion principle · Peer group · Race (biology) · Social exclusion · Stereotype (UML) · Child and Animal Learning Development · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
White American students’ recognition of racial microaggressions in higher education
Peer Exclusion
Condoning discrimination
Is gender more important and meaningful than race? An analysis of racial and gender identity among Black, White, and mixed-race children
The development of adolescents’ friendships and antipathies
Sources of Civic Orientation Among American Youth
Continuities and Discontinuities in the Development of Moral Judgments
Essentialism, Power, and the Representation of Social Categories
Children’s evaluations of and reactions to racial discrimination
Children’s social category-based giving and its correlates
Evaluations of and reasoning about normative and deviant ingroup and outgroup members
Older but wilier
Developmental changes in sexual prejudice from early to late adolescence
The development of intergroup resource allocation
The reasons young children give to peers when explaining their judgments of moral and conventional rules
Essentialist thinking predicts decrements in children’s memory for racially ambiguous faces
You don’t need to talk to throw a ball! Children’s inclusion of language-outgroup members in behavioral and hypothetical scenarios
Attributions of intentions and fairness judgments regarding interracial peer encounters
Social Inclusion of Refugee and Native Peers Among Adolescents
Evaluations of interracial peer encounters by majority and minority US children and adolescents
Moral‐Character Education
The Culture of Morality
Adolescent Trust in Teachers
Patterns of Gender Development
It is who you know that counts
Aggression and Moral Development
Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups
Social Exclusion in Childhood
Heterosexual adolescents’ and young adults’ beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality and gay and lesbian peers
Underestimating sexism
The Role of Gender for Teachers’ Reactions to Social Exclusion Among Students
German Pre-service Teachers' Evaluations of and Reactions to Interethnic Social Exclusion Scenarios
The moderating effects of group dominance and religiosity on the relationship between social rejection during school years and attitudes toward minorities in adulthood
Moral Reasoning and Moral Behavior
A collaborative small-group discussion approach to improving fifth graders’ use of academic, relational, social, and emotional vocabulary
Factors affecting religious tolerance and prejudice in school context
Links between parental socialization of coping on affect
In the United States, children are more likely than adults to condone discrimination
Age-Related Differences in Sensitivity to Facial Trustworthiness
Children's judgments on the acceptability of prejudice
“I'm Kind of a Feminist”
The Influence of Direct and Overheard Messages on Children's Attitudes Toward Novel Social Groups
White children's empathy-related responding and prosocial behavior toward White and Black children
Effects of Conflict in Tween Sitcoms on US Students' Moral Reasoning About Social Exclusion
Immigrant Children’s Connections to People and the World Around Them
Adolescents’ Openness to Include Refugee Peers in Their Leisure Time Activities
Children’s Moral Evaluations of Inclusion and Exclusion during Play in Regard to Ethnic Background
Don't skip class
A Developmental Science Approach to Reducing Prejudice and Social Exclusion
Evaluations of Children's Gender Stereotypic Activities by Korean Parents and Nonparental Adults Residing in the United States
The School Playground as a Meeting Place for Hard of Hearing Children
Explicit and implicit attitudes of Scottish and Maltese children to national identity
The role of ethnic origin and situational information in teachers’ reactions to social exclusion among students
Boys and girls can play
Predictors of college students’ reasoning and responses to gender-based social exclusion
Adolescents’ and emerging adults’ judgments and justifications for social inclusion or exclusion of language-outgroup members
Play as a pathway to inclusion
Young children's moral evaluations of inclusion and exclusion in play in ethnic and aggressive stereotypic peer contexts
Putting Context Into a Cultural Perspective
A multidimensional examination of children's endorsement of gender stereotypes
Young adults in the United States and Benin reason about gendered cultural traditions
Adolescent and Adult Reasoning about Gender and Fairness in Traditional Practices in Benin, West Africa
Korean Children's Evaluation of Parental Restrictions Regarding Gender‐stereotypic Peer Activities
Children's Moral Reasoning Regarding Physical and Relational Aggression
Preschoolers prefer in‐group to out‐group members, but equally condemn their immoral acts
Children’s reasoning about unequal gender‐based distributions
Conflicting Understandings of Wilderness and Subsistence in Alaskan National Parks
Judgments and reasoning about exclusion from counter-stereotypic STEM career choices in early childhood
Adolescents’ Explanations for the Exclusion of Peers With Mental Health Problems
They will look at the shoes and make fun of them”
Felt Pressure to Conform to Cultural Gender Roles
Peer Toy Play as a Gateway to Children’s Gender Flexibility
Teaching Children to Confront Peers’ Sexist Remarks
Perceptions of Gender Norm Violations Among Middle School Students
Intergroup Contact and Evaluations of Race-Based Exclusion in Urban Minority Children and Adolescents
Intergroup Contact is Related to Evaluations of Interracial Peer Exclusion in African American Students
Inconsistent Definitions of Bullying
Definitions and Developmental Processes in Research on Infant Morality
Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy
The Development of Social Justice
Class is in session
Culture moderates children’s responses to ostracism situations
A New Social-Cognitive Developmental Perspective on Prejudice
Religious Discrimination in Childhood and Adolescence
Proximal and distal honor fit and subjective well‐being in the Mediterranean region
Social Norms and Self-Presentation
The Family Transmission of Ethnic Prejudice
Moms at Work and Dads at Home
Intercorporeal Construction of We-Ness in Classroom Interaction
Why should I?”
Is cultural group representation a fair option? Adolescents’ evaluations of forms of decision-making in multicultural Mauritius
Multiculturalism in the classroom
Adolescents’ Expectations for Types of Victim Retaliation Following Direct Bullying
Best Friends’ Discussions of Social Dilemmas
Social Exclusion
Keeping Quiet Just Wouldn’t be Right
How social experience is related to children's intergroup attitudes
The evaluation of perpetrators and victims of peer victimization
Development of the positive–negative asymmetry effect
Racial Resentment Attitudes Among White Millennial Youth
Peer rejection in childhood
Statistical principles in experimental design.
The development of social knowledge
Adolescents' and Young Adults' Evaluations of Helping and Sacrificing for Others
Intergroup fairness and bias in children
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Strategies for making friends
Young children's evaluations of exclusion in gender-stereotypic peer contexts
Gender-schematic processing in children
Gender as a social category
Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favoritism
Sex roles as social conventions
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation
The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors
| Unique citing works | 117 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,68 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2026 (26) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 99 |