On the Measurement of Affective Variables in Second Language Learning
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7900580 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Robert C Gardner, Peter D Macintyre (0000-0002-1085-6692, Western University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1993 |
| Volume | 43 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 157-194 |
| Publication date | 1993-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Language Learning (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0023-8333 • E-ISSN: 1467-9922 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb00714.x |
| OpenAlex | W2165641980 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 115 |
| References cited | 36 |
This study focuses on four issues concerning aspects of the validity of the Attitude/Motivation Test Battery. Data were obtained from 92 students of university‐level French. The first issue deals with whether the various subtests assess the attributes they are presumed to measure. A multitrait/multimethod analysis of three methods indicated that they did. The second issue focuses on the relationship of the subtests to higher order constructs. A factor analysis provided empirical support for the higher order constructs of Integrativeness, Attitudes Toward the Learning Situation, Language Anxiety, and Motivation. The third issue is concerned with whether the strategy used to measure affective variables influences their correlations with measures of achievement. The correlations obtained suggested that they did; moreover, some measures of achievement were less related to all affective measures than were others. The fourth issue directs attention to measures of integrative and instrumental orientation, their relationship to each other and to achievement. The results demonstrated more communality among integrative orientation items and measures than among instrumental orientation measures. Neither correlated that highly with achievement, but the correlations were slightly higher for measures of integrative orientation
Anxiety · Developmental psychology · Need for achievement · Orientation (vector space) · Test (biology) · Test anxiety · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Multilingual Education and Policy · Psychology · Second Language Learning and Teaching · Social Psychology
Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication
A brief investigation of English language teaching and learning techniques applied to higher education students
Factors affecting willingness to communicate in a Spanish university context
Chinese Language Learning Anxiety
Dil Öğreniminde Öğrenci Bağışıklığının Dinamik Gelişimi
Öğretmen Adaylarının Yabancı Dil Kaygısı
A Study of Adolescents’ Anxiety and Achievement in English as a Foreign Language
Exploring the interplay of attitudes
Culture Studies and Motivation in Foreign and Second Language Learning in Taiwan
The Effect of Individual and Contextual Factors in Adult Second-language Acquisition in the Basque Country
Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language
A student's contributions to second-language learning. Part II
Anxiety about Foreign Language among Students in French, Spanish, and German Classes
The Interplay of Reading Anxiety, Reading Strategy Use and Academic Achievement of Non-English Majored Students at a University in the North of Vietnam
Interpersonal Teacher Behaviour and Student Outcomes
Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language
Foreign Language Anxiety and Foreign Language Performance
Factors associated with foreign language anxiety
Foreign language learning boredom and enjoyment
Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety
Listening Comprehension and Anxiety in the Arabic Language Classroom
The impact of Covid-19 on heritage language maintenance and family language policies
The Study on English Reading Anxiety of Chinese College Undergraduates Based on the Broaden-and-Build Theory
A Study on the Relationship between the Indirect Strategies and Listening Anxiety
Language Use and Claimed Proficiency of Saudi Students at Undergraduate Level Spoken in Asir Region of Saudi Arabia
English Language Anxiety
The Level and Sources of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety among Saudi EFL University Students
EFL Learners’ Affect, Engagement, Misbehaviours, and Achievement
Communication Apprehension Among Female EFL Majors
A Practical Study on Foreign Language Anxiety of College Students in Online Classes
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The effect of learners’ psychological factors on motivational intensity in English language learning
Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Among Online English Learners
Effect of Perceived Teacher Support on Foreign Language Emotions in Primary School Students
The impact of mental disturbance on second language learning psychology among Chinese undergraduate students
Second language pupils’ anxiety and motivation
Foreign language anxiety and foreign language self-efficacy
Beyond Linguistic Features
A critical review of foreign language anxiety-reduction interventions
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Comparing online and offline Chinese EFL learners' anxiety and emotional engagement
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L2 Motivational Self System and L2 achievement
Communicative interactions in foreign language education
The complex relationship between classroom emotions and EFL achievement in China
Relationship Between Intercultural Communicative Competence and L2-Learning Motivation of Iranian EFL Learners
Language Learning Motivation within the Context of Globalisation
Willingness to communicate
Syrian refugees’ perception of barriers and bridges towards integration into Turkish society
Foreign language enjoyment and willingness to communicate
Gender differences in the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale
Alignment in second language speakers’ perceptions of interaction and its relationship to perceived communicative success
Exploring the intricate relationship between foreign language anxiety, attention and self-repairs during L2 speech production
Using learning style to predict foreign language achievement at the college level
Action control, motivated strategies, and integrative motivation as predictors of language learning affect and the intention to continue learning French
Ideal L2 self, acculturation, and Chinese language learning among South Asian students in Hong Kong
Anxiety and non-anxiety in a distance language learning environment
College English learners’ discursive motivation construction in China
Emotions in classroom language learning
The critical role of the individual in language education
Where's the vision? Rescuing integrativeness to understand the language learning motivation of English-speaking EFL instructors living in South Korea
University english language learners' readiness to use computer technology for self-directed learning
Sources of variation in attitudes toward minority, majority and foreign language
Anxiety and EFL
Intergenerational language transmission in Quebec
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‘Nabewa nabedayo!’
How Aware are They? Research into Teachers’ Attitudes about Linguistic Diversity
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The Influence of Attitudes and Affect on Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Communication
The Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
Between Worlds
The Role of Study Habits in Foreign Language Courses
Multilingualism inside and outside the family
Quebec-based Parents’ Attitudes Towards Childhood Multilingualism
The Socio-Educational Model of Music Motivation
The Best and the Worst
Examining the Measurement Model of International Posture and How It Relates to Personality Traits
An Investigation of University Engineering Students’ Attitudes and Motivation in Correlation to Their Identity Formation in the Learning of EFL in a Multilingual and Multicultural Context
Remote Presentations
Emotional Processes of Foreign-Language Learning Situated in Real-Time Teacher Support
Learning difficulties and foreign language learning
Willingness to Communicate and its High-Evidence Factors
Motivation in second and foreign language learning
Predicting roles of linguistic confidence, integrative motivation and second language proficiency on cross-cultural adaptation
An examination of immigrant primary school students' attitudes towards learning the target language
Exploring the interplay of language proficiency, use and attitudes
A Positive Psychology perspective on Chinese EFL students’ trait emotional intelligence, foreign language enjoyment and EFL learning achievement
Conceptualising English L1 speakers’ motivation for learning L2 Chinese in Australian universities
Language mindsets and gender as predictors of foreign language classroom anxiety among university students
The role of grit and enjoyment in EFL learners’ willingness to communicate in Saudi Arabia and Morocco
Scaffolding via Group-dynamic Assessment to Positively Affect Motivation, Learning Anxiety, and Willingness to Communicate
The Relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Learning Difficulties
Changes in Affective Profiles of Postsecondary Students in Lower‐Level Foreign Language Classes
L2 Self of Beginning‐Level Heritage and Nonheritage Postsecondary Learners of Chinese
Foreign Language Anxiety and Learning Style
Effects of Language Anxiety on Three Proficiency‐Level Courses of Spanish as a Foreign Language
Integrative Motivation as a Predictorof Success in the Intermediate Foreign Language Classroom
One Right Way, Intercultural Participation, and Language Learning Anxiety
A Primer of Lisrel
An Instrumental Motivation In Language Study
Hierarchically Nested Covariance Structure Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
Gardner on Affect
A student's contributions to second-language learning. Part II
Preliminary Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of a Foreign Language Anxiety Scale
Attitudes and Attained Proficiency in ESL
Motivational variables in second-language acquisition
Intelligence and Language Proficiency as Sources of Variance in Self‐reported Affective Variables 1
On “Gardner on Affect
On the Validity of Affective Variables in Second Language Acquisition
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Language Anxiety
Attitudes and Attained Proficiency in Efl
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Language Attitudes and English Attainment of Secondary Students in Hong Kong
A Critical Appraisal of Gardner's Social-Psychological Theory of Second-Language (L2) Learning
The Role of Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning
Motivation to Learn and Language Proficiency
Attitudes and Attained Proficiency in Esl
The Socio-Educational Model of Second-Language Learning
Integrative Motivation
Motivation and Cultural Distance in Second-Language Acquisition
Anxiety and Second-Language Learning
Orientations in Second Language Acquisition
Attitudinal Aspects of Second Language Learning
Behavioral development and construct validity
Second Language Proficiency and Acculturation
Aptitude, Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Proficiency
| Unique citing works | 115 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,48 |
| Citation span | 1993 - 2026 (34) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 103 |