White Racial Identity Models
A Critique and Alternative Proposal
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 8084567 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Wayne Rowe (University of Oklahoma, corresponding author), Sandra K Bennett (University of Oklahoma), Donald R Atkinson (University of California, Santa Barbara) |
| Year | 1994 |
| Volume | 22 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 129-146 |
| Publication date | 1994-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | The Counseling Psychologist (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-0000 • E-ISSN: 1552-3861 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1177/0011000094221009 |
| OpenAlex | W2565548825 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 69 |
| References cited | 23 |
Existing models of White racial identity development (WRID) are challenged as being deficient in terms of: (a) being based on the oppression-adaptive models of minority identity development, (b) focusing primarily on attitudes toward racial/ethnic out-groups, not on White identity attitudes; and (c) depicting the process as developmental in nature. An alternative conceptualization, based on the construct of White racial consciousness, is presented as a more parsimonious explanation for the role of racially oriented attitudes. Three types of unachieved White racial consciousness (avoidant, dependent, and dissonant) are proposed along with four types of achieved White racial consciousness (dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative). Changes in attitudes characteristic of one type to those more representative of another are explained in terms of dissonance reduction. Information is provided regarding the availability of an assessment device designed to identify the types of White racial consciousness
Aesthetics · Cognitive dissonance · Conceptualization · Consciousness · Construct (python library · Ethnic group · Identity (music · Oppression · Race (biology · Racism · Sociology · White (mutation · Anthropology · Critical Race Theory in Education · Jewish Identity and Society · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Gender Studies · Social Psychology
White Identity Politics
Gender, Racial, Ethnic, Sexual, and Class Identities
Profiles of White parents' racial attitudes
Ethnic Identity as a Predictor of Microaggressions Toward Blacks, Whites, and Hispanic LGBs by Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics
The Racial Consciousness Attitudes of White Prospective Teachers and Their Perceptions of the Teachability of Students from Different Racial/Ethnic Backgrounds
White Guilt
“In My Heart, I Am Cambodian”
Complexifying White Racial Identity
Engaging Preservice Teachers in Critical Dialogues on Race
Toward Conceptualizing Race and Racial Identity Development Within an Attractor Landscape
Social Psychology of Identities
Influence of interracial dating on racial and/or ethnic identities of Asian American women and white European American men
Anti-racism and substance use treatment
Identity Form Matters
Measuring Whiteness
Age, Gender, and Ethnicity of Counsellor Trainees and Corresponding Counselling Self-Efficacy
Identification and political advertising
Shifting White ideological scripts
The Maintenance of Whiteness in Urban Education
Confronting Whiteness
Too Latinx or Not Latinx Enough? Racial Subtexts and Subjectivities in a Predominantly White University
Race and White Transracially Adoptive Mothers
The veil of professionalism
White international transracial adoptive mothers' reflections on race
Privilege Awareness Raising for Couple and Family Therapists
Making Sense of Heterosexuality
What Do White Counselors and Psychotherapists Need to Know About Race? White Racial Socialization in Counseling and Psychotherapy Training Programs
Why should i feel guilty?”
Researching intercultural competence and critical consciousness among adolescents growing up in societies of immigration
The Personal Dimensions of Difference scale
Peer Facilitators as Border Crossers in Community Service Learning
Unraveling the Threads of White Teachers’ Conceptions of Caring
Weaving a tapestry
Strategies for Coping with Cultural Diversity
Counseling Psychology and the Amelioration of Oppression
Confronting White Hegemony
Misrepresentation and Interpretation
Helms's White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Theory
Roles and Responsibilities of White Allies
Heterosexual Identity Development
Theorizing Heterosexual Identity Development
Racism, Mental Health, and Mental Health Practice
Expanding White Racial Identity Theory
Issues and Recommendations for Teaching an Ethnic/Culture-Based Course
Racial Identity in White American College Students
Racial and ethnic identity
Cultural homelessness, multiminority status, ethnic identity development, and self esteem
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development in White Mothers of Biracial, Black-White Children
Introduction to the special section on racial and ethnic identity in counseling psychology
Beyond Ethnicity
Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW)
Studying Ethnic‐Racial Identity among White Youth
White Racial Identity Attitude Theories
Developing an Antiracist Stance
Does the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale measure racial identity
Confronting whiteness
The Minimal Cue Hypothesis
Concern for the in-group and opposition to affirmative action
Researching White Racial Identity
Reconceptualizing White Racial Consciousness
White Racial Identity and White Racial Consciousness
Strategies Used by Whites to Address Their Racism
Predictors of Racial Prejudice in White American Counseling Students
Social Justice at the Microlevel
University Student Attitudes Toward American Indians
Experiences of a Course on the Culture of Whiteness in Counselor Education
Heterosexual Identity and Heterosexism
"The "Not-So-Final Remark
Racial Identity as a Predictor of the Psychological Health of African American Students at a Predominantly White University
The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race.
The Biracial Identity Development Model
Relation of racial identity attitudes to self-actualization and affective states of Black students.
The Complexities of Diversity
Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults
Ethnic Similarity in Counseling Psychology
Cultural awareness and cross-cultural counseling
Stages of Ethnic Identity Development in Minority Group Adolescents
Symbolic Racism
White Racial Identity Development and Cross-Cultural Counselor Training
From Passive Acceptance to Active Commitment
Building Competencies for Effective Cross-Cultural Counseling
Toward a Theoretical Explanation of the Effects of Race on Counseling A Black and White Model
Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research
Cycles of Psychological Nigrescence
Racial ambivalence and American value conflict
Racial Consciousness Development Among White Counselor Trainees
Ethnic Identity
The Formation of Homosexual Identities
Ethnic Role Identity among Black and White College Students
The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence
| Unique citing works | 69 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,16 |
| Citation span | 1994 - 2026 (33) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 69 |