Potential Racial Threat on Student In-School Suspensions in Segregated U.S. Neighborhoods
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9729496 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jin Lee (0000-0002-5698-5561, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2023 |
| Volume | 55 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 3-33 |
| Publication date | 2023-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Education and Urban Society (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0013-1245 • E-ISSN: 1552-3535 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1177/00131245221076090 |
| OpenAlex | W4220659533 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 3 |
| References cited | 99 |
Persistent disparities in school exclusionary policies by race and ethnicity have long been recognized as a major issue in student disciplinary practices and in unequal opportunities for education. Only limited research has been conducted to provide insight into the varying effects of race and ethnicity on the recently increasing implementation of student discipline. This study examines racial imbalances in in-school suspension rates within school neighborhoods, which are defined as school districts and five-digit zip-code areas. This research provides partial but significant support for the racial threat hypothesis by presenting that racially uneven school districts and communities present smaller differences in in-school suspension rates between African American and White students and between Hispanic or Latinx students and White students
African american · Criminology · Ethnic group · Pedagogy · Race (biology · Racial bias · Racial composition · Racial differences · School Discipline · School district · Sociology · White (mutation · Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression · Demography · Education Discipline and Inequality · Gender Studies · Psychology
Police Officers in Schools
The discipline gap and African Americans
Integrated Schooling, Life Course Outcomes, and Social Cohesion in Multiethnic Democratic Societies
Race, Poverty, and Exclusionary School Security
Two Strikes
Relationship Between School Suspension and Student Outcomes
Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Threat
Predictors of suspension and negative school outcomes
Racial/Ethnic Threat and Federal Sentencing
Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior
Race Is Not Neutral
Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry
Title unavailable
Estimating the Impact of Expulsions, Suspensions, and Arrests on Average School Proficiency Rates in Ohio Using Fixed Effects
Identity and Emergency Intervention
Multi-Scale Residential Segregation
Breaking Stereotypes and School Punishment
Keeping Black Girls in School
Effects of school resource officers on school crime and responses to school crime
T‐Communities
Discipline and diversity in the suburban US South
Title I Middle School Administrators’ Beliefs and Choices about Using Corporal Punishment and Exclusionary Discipline
A Tale of Two Logics
Multilevel evaluation of factors predicting school exclusion among middle and high school students
Rethinking Universal Suspension for Severe Student Behavior
How attitudes towards immigrants are shaped by residential context
The Role of Desegregation and Teachers of Color in Discipline Disproportionality
The Color of Discipline
The Collateral Consequences of “Criminalized” School Punishment on Disadvantaged Parents and Families
Race and Discipline at a Racially Mixed High School
It’s Deeper Than That
Does School Racial Composition Matter to Teachers
Racial Threat and the Influence of Latino Turnout on State Immigration Policy
Retracted
The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010
The Effects of School Climate on School Disorder
Bias in the Air
A Matter of Measurement
Racial Attitudes of PreK–12 and Postsecondary Educators
Middle School Black and White Student Assignment to Disciplinary Consequences
Disproportionality in School Discipline in Massachusetts
K-12 School Diversity and Social Cohesion
Repeated School Suspensions
A Multilevel Test of Racial Threat Theory
Delinquency and Gender Moderation in the Moving to Opportunity Intervention
Minority Threat and Police Strength From 1980 to 2000
Modeling the Effects of Racial Threat on Punitive and Restorative School Discipline Practices
Racial Threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and Social Control
The Relationship of School Structure and Support to Suspension Rates for Black and White High School Students
Parsing Disciplinary Disproportionality
National Debates, Local Responses
Substantive and Procedural Tolerance
The African-American Entrepreneur–Crime Drop Relationship
Race, Environment, and Interracial Trust
What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior
Measures of Spatial Segregation
The Race to Punish in American Schools
Preparing for prison
Intergroup Contact Theory
How White Attitudes Vary with the Racial Composition of Local Populations
Who Controls Criminal Law? Racial Threat and the Adoption of State Sentencing Law, 1975 to 2012
Beyond the Census Tract
The Dimensions of Residential Segregation
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline
Inequality, Segregation, and the Overrepresentation of African Americans in School Suspensions
Segregation and School Violence
Racial Threat and Social Control
Why Does It Take a Village? The Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Educational Achievement
Restorative Justice in Schools
Latino/a Student Threat and School Disciplinary Policies and Practices
The Social Structure of Criminalized and Medicalized School Discipline
Public School Segregation and Juvenile Violent Crime Arrests in Metropolitan Areas
The Punishment Gap
Protecting the Flock or Policing the Sheep? Differences in School Resource Officers' Perceptions of Threats by School Racial Composition
Social Structure and Crime Control Among Macrosocial Units
Black-White Differences in School Suspension
Bad Behavior, Ethnicity, and Level of School Diversity
Perpetuation theory and the racial segregation of young adults
Distribution, Composition and Exclusion
| Unique citing works | 3 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2026 (2) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 3 |