A Multilevel Test of Racial Threat Theory
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9681609 |
|---|---|
| Authors | L Stolzenberg (0000-0002-1655-5348, Institute of Criminology, corresponding author), Stewart J D’alessio (0000-0002-1426-4133), David Eitle (0000-0003-0891-3210) |
| Year | 2004 |
| Volume | 42 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 673-698 |
| Publication date | 2004-08-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Criminology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0011-1384 • E-ISSN: 1745-9125 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00533.x |
| OpenAlex | W2147015909 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 87 |
| References cited | 33 |
We develop a conceptual model articulating the mechanisms by which racial threat is theorized to affect social control, focusing specifically on the influence of the relative size of the black population on the likelihood that the police will arrest a black citizen suspected of a violent criminal offense. A multilevel analysis of 145, 255 violent crimes reported to police in 182 cities during 2000 shows only qualified support for racial threat theory. Controlling for the amount of race‐specific crime reported to police, our findings reveal that black citizens actually have a lower probability of arrest in cities with a relatively large black population. This finding tends to cast doubt on the validity of the racial threat hypothesis. No evidence buttresses the claim that economic competition between whites and blacks affects arrest probabilities. However, results show that in cities where racial segregation is more pronounced blacks have a reduced risk sof being arrested relative to whites. Crimes involving black offenders and white victims are also more apt to result in an arrest in cities that are racially segregated. These findings support the view that racial segregation is an informal mechanism to circumscribe the threat of potentially volatile subordinate populations
Affect (linguistics · Criminology · Population · Race (biology · Sociology · Test (biology · White (mutation · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis · Demography · Gender Studies · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Social Psychology
Focal Concerns Theory
A Multilevel Test of Minority Threat Effects on Sentencing
Red States and Black Lives
Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Threat
Racial/Ethnic Threat and Federal Sentencing
Revisiting the Minority Threat Perspective
From Headlines to Handcuffs
Ethnic Diversity, Ethnic Polarization, and Incarceration Rates
Institutional Arrangements and Power Threat
Jail Utilization and Court Sentencing
Self-Help and Black Firearm Crime
An Assessment of Geographically Mediated Racial Threat and Racially Motivated Hate Crime
Disparities in Sex-Specific Arrest Rates
Unveiling Segregation’s Impact
Examining American Indian Disadvantage
Victim Injury and Its Consequences
Contested Neighborhood Boundaries and Intergroup and Intragroup Violence
Is Chivalry Dead
The Many colors of crime
The Legacy of Slavery and Contemporary Racial Disparities in Arrest Rates
Characterizing the Effects of Symbolic and Racial Threat on Charge Modifications in the Juvenile Court
Legacies of Resistance and Resilience
Fear or Loathing in the United States? Public Opinion and the Rise of Racial Disparity in Mass Incarceration, 1978–2015
A Test of the Association Between Racial Economic Threat and Racial Disparities in Jail Incarceration Across Counties in the United States
Disproportionate Minority Contact
The Effects of Race and Physical Evidence on the Likelihood of Arrest for Homicide
The Politics of Inclusion
Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prosecutor’s Bail Requests and Downstream Decision-making
Won’t You be My Neighbor? Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Mass Shootings in the USA
Discrimination in Context
Contributions of the National Incident‐Based Reporting System to Substantive Knowledge in Criminology
Effects of recreational marijuana legalization on clearance rates for violent crimes
Conceal Carry and Race
Racial Threat and Opposition to the Re-Enfranchisement of Ex-Felons
Crime clearance rates in Canadian municipalities
Hate crime in a traditionally homogeneous society
Overview of
Race, Place, and Drug Enforcement
Is Policing for Profit? Answers From Asset Forfeiture
Formal Social Control in Changing Neighborhoods
Police use of nonlethal force in New York City
Have Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing Declined
The influence of body‐worn cameras, minority threat, and place on police activity
The influences of incident and contextual characteristics on crime clearance of nonlethal violence
Taking the long view
From Initial Appearance to Sentencing
Hispanic Threat and Police Strength in U.S. Municipalities
Race and Ethnic Representations of Lawbreakers and Victims in Crime News
Retracted
Power threats and radical healing in Black youths’ leisure
Potential Racial Threat on Student In-School Suspensions in Segregated U.S. Neighborhoods
Concentrated Disadvantage, Traditional Male Role Models, and African‐american Juvenile Violence
Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops
Back‐end Sentencing” and Reimprisonment
Creating a minority threat
Minority Threat and Police Strength From 1980 to 2000
Legal Cynicism, Collective Efficacy, and the Ecology of Arrest
Neighborhood Racial Context and Perceptions of Police‐based Racial Discrimination Among Black Youth
The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Parole Decisions
Racial Threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and Social Control
Race, Ethnicity, Threat and the Labeling of Convicted Felons
Are Minorities Subjected to, or Insulated from, Racialized Policing in Majority–Minority Community Contexts
White Fortressing
Ethnic Segregation and Radical Right-Wing Voting in Dutch Cities
The African-American Entrepreneur–Crime Drop Relationship
Structural bias in the sentencing of felony defendants
Value in diversity
The typification of Hispanics as criminals and support for punitive crime control policies
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline
Citizenship and Level-Change Threat Effects on Sentencing
Targets of police attention. Discrimination in pedestrian stop-and-search of young people in Germany and France
From the Block to the Beat
Latino/a Student Threat and School Disciplinary Policies and Practices
Looking at the Big Picture
Because That’s What Justice Is to Us
Economic Competition and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing
Sentencing and State-Level Racial and Ethnic Contexts
Who Controls Criminal Law? Racial Threat and the Adoption of State Sentencing Law, 1975 to 2012
Modeling the community-level effects of male incarceration on the sexual partnerships of men and women
The influence of racial threat and intergroup contact on the incarceration of black drug defendants
The development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived Latino threat
American Entrepreneur 1990-2010
(Mis)Perceptions of Ethnic Group Size and Consequences for Community Expectations and Cooperation With Law Enforcement
Victim and Suspect Race and the Police Clearance of Sexual Assault
Race, Space, and Being Policed
The Contingent Effect of Race in Juvenile Court Detention Decisions
Public School Segregation and Juvenile Violent Crime Arrests in Metropolitan Areas
The dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict.
Approximate Inference in Generalized Linear Mixed Models
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations
Still the Big News
Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat
Race and sentencing
Police Response to Interpersonal Violence
Negotiating Order in Patrol Work
Variations in Sex-Race-Age-Specific Incidence Rates of Offending
Ethnic groups in conflict
An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data
Inequality and Police Strength
Collective Outbursts, Politics, and Punitive Resources
Testing Coercive Explanations for Order
The Political Context of Competition
Black Threat and Incarceration in Postbellum Georgia
Testing the Economic Production and Conflict Models of Crime Control
Beyond Anomalies
Inequality and Police Use of Deadly Force
Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance
Race and the Probability of Arrest
Racial Threat and Social Control
Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence
The Determinants of Deadly Force
Group Threat and Regional Change in Attitudes Toward African-Americans
Social Structure and Crime Control Among Macrosocial Units
Male Power and Female Victimization
Interracial Conflict and Interracial Homicide
| Unique citing works | 87 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,14 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2026 (22) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 87 |